First
PreviousTRC-43 — Designation of Emissions (Including Necessary Bandwidth and Classification), Class of Station and Nature of Service
8. Examples of Designation of Emissions
| Description of Emission | Necessary Bandwidth | Designation of Emission | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Formula | Sample Calculation | ||
| I. NO MODULATING SIGNAL | |||
| Continuous wave emission | --- | --- | NON |
| II. AMPLITUDE MODULATION | |||
| 1. Signal with Quantized or Digital Information | |||
| Continuous wave telegraphy, Morse Code |
Bn = BK
K = 5 (for fading circuits) K = 3 (for non-fading circuits) |
25 words per minute;
B = 20 Bandwidth = 100 Hz |
100HA1AAN |
| Telegraphy by on-off keying of a tone modulated carrier, Morse Code | Bn = BK + 2M
K = 5 (for fading circuits) K = 3 (for non-fading circuits) |
25 words per minute;
B = 20 Bandwidth = 2.1 kHz |
2K10A2AAN |
| Selective calling signal, using sequential single frequency code, single-sideband, full carrier | Bn = M | Maximum code frequency =
2110 Hz
M = 2110 Bandwidth = 2.11 kHz |
2K11H2BFN |
| Direct printing telegraphy, using a frequency shifted modulating sub-carrier, with error correction, single-sideband, suppressed carrier(single channel) | Bn = 2M + 2DK
M = ½B |
B = 50
D = 35 Hz (70 Hz shift) K = 1.2 Bandwidth = 134 Hz |
134HJ2BCN |
| Telegraphy, multi-channel with voice frequency, error correction; some channels are time-division multiplexed, single-sideband, reduced carrier | Bn = highest central frequency + M +
DK
M = ½B |
15 channels highest central frequency =
2805 Hz
B = 100 D = 42.5 Hz (85 Hz shift) K = 0.7 Bandwidth = 2.885 kHz |
2K89R7BCW |
| 2. Telephony (Commercial Quality) | |||
| Telephony, double-sideband (single channel) |
Bn = 2M | M = 3000
Bandwidth = 6 kHz |
6K00A3EJN |
| Telephony, single-sideband full carrier (single channel) | Bn = M | M = 3000
Bandwidth = 3 kHz |
3K00H3EJN |
| Telephony, single-sideband, suppressed carrier (single-channel) | Bn = M - lowest modulation frequency | M = 3000
lowest modulation frequency = 300 Hz Bandwidth = 2.7 kHz |
2K70J3EJN |
| Telephony with separate frequency modulated
signal to control the level
of demodulated speech signal, single-sideband,
reduced carrier, (Lincompex)
(single channel) |
Bn = M | Maximum control frequency =
2990 Hz
M = 2990 Bandwidth = 2.99 kHz |
2K99R3ELN |
| Telephony with privacy, single-sideband suppressed carrier (two or more channels) | Bn = NcM - (lowest modulation frequency in the lowest channel) | Nc = 2
M = 3000 lowest modulation frequency = 250 Hz Bandwidth = 5.75 kHz |
5K75J8EKF |
| Telephony, independent side-band (two or more channels) | Bn = sum of M for each sideband | two channels
M = 3000 Bandwidth = 6 kHz |
6K00B8EJN |
| 3. Sound Broadcasting | |||
| Sound broadcasting double-sideband | Bn = 2M
M may vary between 4000 and 10 000 depending on the quality desired |
Speech and music:
M = 4000 Bandwidth = 8 kHz |
8K00A3EGN |
| Sound broadcasting, single-sideband, reduced carrier (single channel) | Bn = M
M may vary between 4000 and 10 000 depending on the quality desired |
Speech and music:
M = 4000 Bandwidth = 4 kHz |
4K00R3EGN |
| Sound broadcasting, single-sideband, suppressed carrier | Bn = M - lowest modulation frequency | Speech and music:
M = 4500 lowest modulation = 50 Hz Bandwidth = 4.45 kHz |
4K45J3EGN |
| 4. Television | |||
| Television, vision and sound | Refer to relevant CCIR documents for the bandwidths of the commonly used television systems | Number of lines = 525
Nominal video bandwidth = 4.2 MHz Sound carrier relative to video carrier = 4.5 MHz Total vision bandwidth = 5.45 MHz FM sound bandwidth, including guardbands = 550 kHz RF channel bandwidth = 6.0 MHz |
5M45C3F -- 550KF3EGN |
| 5. Facsimile | |||
| Analogue facsimile by sub-carrier frequency modulation of a single-sideband emission with reduced carrier, monochrome | Bn = C +
½N + DK
K = 1.1 (typically) |
N = 1100 corresponding to an index of
cooperation of 352 and a cylinder
rotation speed of 60 rpm. Index of cooperation is the product of the
drum diameter and number of lines
per unit length.
C = 1900 D = 400 Hz Bandwidth = 2.89 kHz |
2K89R3CMN |
| Analogue facsimile; frequency modulation of an audio frequency sub-carrier which modulates the main carrier, single-sideband suppressed carrier | Bn = 2M + 2DK
M = ½N K = 1.1 (typically) |
N = 1100
D = 400 Hz Bandwidth = 1.98 kHz |
1K98J3C - - |
| 6. Composite Emissions | |||
| Double-sideband television relay | Bn = 2C + 2M + 2D | Video limited to 5 MHz,
audio on 6.5 MHz frequency
modulated sub-carrier Sub-carrier deviation = 50 kHz C = 6.5 x 106 D = 50 x 103 Hz M = 15 000 Bandwidth = 13.13 MHz | 13M1A8W - - |
| Double-sideband radio-relay system, frequency division multiplex | Bn = 2M | 10 voice channels occupying base band
between 1
and 164 kHz
M = 164 000 Bandwidth = 328 kHz | 328KA8E - - |
| Double-sideband
emission of VOR with
voice (VOR = VHF omnidirectional radio range) |
Bn = 2Cmax+ 2M + 2DK
K = 1 (typically) |
The main carrier is modulated by:
Cmax = 9960 | 20K9A9WWF |
| Independent side-bands; several telegraph channels with error correction together with several telephone channels with privacy; frequency division multiplex | Bn = sum of M for each sideband | Normally composite systems are operated in
accordance with standardized
channel arrangements (e.g. CCIR-Rec. 348)
3 telephone channels and 15 telegraphy channels require the bandwidth of 12 kHz | 12K0B9WWF |
| 7. Standard frequency and time signals 7.1 High frequency (voice) |
|||
| Voice announcements, double-sideband | Bn = 2M | Speech M = 4000 Bandwidth = 8000 Hz = 8 kHz |
8K00A3XGN |
| 7.2 High frequency (time code) | |||
| Time code as telegraphy | Bn = BK + 2M | B = 1/s M = 1 K = 5 Bandwidth = 7 Hz |
7H00A2XAN |
| 7.3 Low frequency (time code) | |||
| Time code as telegraphy | Bn = BK + 2M | B = 1/s M = 1 K = 3 Bandwidth = 5 Hz |
5H00A2XAN |
| Description of Emission | Necessary Bandwidth | Designation of Emission | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Formula | Sample Calculation | ||
| III. FREQUENCY MODULATION | |||
| 1. Signal with Quantized or Digital Information | |||
| Telegraphy without error correction (single channel) |
Bn = 2M + 2DK
M = ½B K = 1.2 (typically) |
B = 100
D = 85 Hz (170 Hz shift) Bandwidth = 304 Hz |
304HF1BBN |
| Telegraphy, narrowband direct printing with error correction (single channel) | Bn = 2M + 2DK
M = ½B K = 1.2 (typically) |
B = 100
D = 85 Hz (170 Hz shift) Bandwidth = 304 Hz |
304HF1BCN |
| Selective calling signal | Bn = 2M + 2DK
M = ½B K = 1.2 (typically) |
B = 100
D = 85 Hz (170 Hz shift) Bandwidth = 304 Hz |
304HF1BCN |
| Four-frequency duplex telegraphy | Bn = 2M + 2DK
B = Modulation rate in bauds of the faster channel If the channels are synchronized: M = ½B (Otherwise: M = 2B) K = 1.1 (typically) |
Spacing between adjacent frequencies =
400 Hz
Synchronized channels: B = 100 M = 50 D = 600 Hz Bandwidth = 1.42 kHz |
1K42F7BDX |
| 2. Telephony (Commercial Quality) | |||
| Commercial telephony | Bn = 2M + 2DK
K = 1 (typically, but under certain conditions, a higher value may be necessary) |
For an average case of commercial telephony:
D = 5000 Hz M = 3000 Bandwidth = 16 kHz |
16K0F3EJN |
| 3. Sound Broadcasting | |||
| Sound broadcasting | Bn = 2M + 2DK
K = 1 (typically) |
Monaural
D = 75000 Hz M = 15000 Bandwidth = 180 kHz |
180KF3EGN |
| 4. Facsimile | |||
| Facsimile by direct frequency modulation of the carrier; black and white | Bn = 2M + 2DK
M = ½N K = 1.1 (typically) |
N = 1100 elements/sec
D = 400 Hz Bandwidth = 1.98 kHz |
1K98F1C - - |
| Analogue facsimile | Bn = 2M + 2DK
M = ½N K = 1.1 (typically) |
N = 1100 elements/sec
D = 400 Hz Bandwidth = 1.98 kHz |
1K98F3C - - |
| 5. Composite Emissions (see Table 1) | |||
| Radio relay system; frequency division multiplex | Bn = 2P + 2DK
K = 1 (typically) |
60 telephone channels occupying baseband
between
60 and 300 kHz; root-mean-square
(RMS) per channel deviation:
200 kHz
Continuity pilot at 331 kHz produces 100 kHz RMS deviation of main carrier D = 200 x 103 x 3.76 x 2.02 = 1.52 x 106 Hz P = 0.331 x 106 Hz Bandwidth = 3.702 MHz |
3M70F8EJF |
| Radio relay system; frequency division multiplex having no continuity pilot sub-carrier or having a continuity pilot sub-carrier whose frequency is not the highest modulating the main carrier | Bn = 2M + 2DK
K = 1 (typically) | 960 telephone channels occupying baseband
between 60 and 4028 kHz;
RMS
per channel deviation: 200 kHz
D = 200 x 103 x 3.76 x 5.5 = 4.13 x 106 Hz M = 4.028 x 106 Hz Bandwidth = 16.32 x 106 Hz |
16M3F8EJF |
| Radio relay system; frequency division multiplex having a continuity pilot6 sub-carrier whose frequency exceeds that of any other signal modulating the main carrier | Bn = 2P
or Bn = 2M + 2DK whichever is the greater |
960 telephone channels occupying baseband
between 60 and 4028 kHz; RMS
per channel deviation 200 kHz;
continuity pilot at 4715 kHz produces
140 kHz RMS deviation of main
carrier
D = 200 x 103 x 3.76 x 5.5
|
16M3F8EJF |
| Radio relay system; frequency division multiplex having a continuity pilot sub-carrier that causes more than 7.5% of the RMS deviation of the main carrier | Bn = 2P | 600 telephone channels occupying baseband
between 60 kHz and 2540 kHz;
RMS per channel deviation:
200 kHz; continuity pilot at 8500 kHz produces 140 kHz RMS
deviation of
main carrier.
D = 200 x 103 x 3.76 x
4.36 M = 2.54 x 106 K = 1 P = 8.5 x 106 (2M + 2DK) < 2P Bandwidth = 17 x 106 = 17 MHz |
17M0F8EJF |
| Stereophonic sound broadcasting with multiplexed subsidiary telephony sub-carrier | Bn = 2M + 2DK
K = 1 (typically) |
Pilot tone system
M = 75 000; D = 75 000 Hz Bandwidth = 300 kHz |
300KF8EHF |
| FM/television satellite relay with or without audio programming or continuity pilot sub-carriers | Bn= 2(VB+ DS+ED+DV) | Video baseband NTSC 525 line baseband Video deviation = 2.0 MHz |
36M4F8FNF |
| FM/television relay with or without audio programming or continuity pilot sub-carriers7 | Bn = 2(MV + DV +
0)
or Bn = 2(P + 0) or Bn = 2(A + 0) or Bn = 2(MV + ED) |
Highest significant video frequency,
3.8 MHz; Peak deviation of video, 4 MHz; Sub-carrier frequencies 6.17 and 6.8 MHz; Modulation of main carrier by sub-carrier 200 kHz RMS; Reference modulation of sub-carrier 100 kHz peak (+8 dBM at 400 Hz producing 100 kHz deviation); Top audio program frequency, 15 kHz; Maximum audio transmission level, 10 dB above reference of +8 dBm; Pilot sub-carrier at 8.5 MHz
Since Bn of calculation (b) is the greatest: |
18M6F8FNF |
| Amplitude modulation is used to modulate a carrier with digital bit stream. | Bn = 2BK
K = 1 (typically) |
Microwave system is digitally modulated at a
rate of 5 megabits per second.
The carrier is amplitude modulated and 4 signalling states are used.
B = R/(log24) Bandwidth = 5.0 MHz |
5M00A1WDN |
| Phase shift keying is used to modulate a carrier with a digital bit stream. | Bn = 2BK
K = 1 (typically) |
A system is digitally modulated at a rate of
10 megabits per second.
The carrier is phase shift keyed and 8 signalling states are used.
B = R/(log28) Bandwidth = 6.67 MHz |
6M67G1WEN |
| Frequency shift keying is used to modulate a carrier with a digital bit stream. | Bn = 2DK + B
K = 1 (typically) |
A system is digitally modulated at a rate of
10 megabits per second.
The carrier is frequency shift keyed and 2 signalling states are used.
D = 2000 kHz B = R(/log 22) Bandwidth = 14.0 MHz |
14M0F1WCN |
| Description of Emission | Necessary Bandwidth | Designation of Emission | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Formula | Sample Calculation | ||
| IV. PULSE MODULATION | |||
| 1. Radar | |||
| Unmodulated pulse emission | Bn = 2K/t
K depends upon the ratio of pulse duration to pulse rise time. Its value usually falls between 1 and 10, and in many cases, it does not need to exceed 6. |
Primary Radar Range resolution: 150 m.
K = 1.5 (triangular pulse where Then: t = 2(range resolution) / velocity of light Bandwidth = 3 MHz |
3M00P0NAN |
| 2. Composite Emissions | |||
| Radio relay system | Bn = 2K/t
K = 1.6 |
Pulse position modulated by 36 voice
channel baseband pulse width at half amplitude = 0.4 μsec Bandwidth = 8 MHz (Bandwidth independent of the number of voice channels) |
8M00M7EJT |
| 3. Standard frequency and time signals 3.1 High frequency (tone bursts) |
|||
| Ticks used for epoch measurement |
Bn = 2/tR | tR = 1 ms
Bandwidth = 2000 Hz = 2 kHz |
2K00K2XAN |
| 3.2 Low frequency (time code) | |||
| Time code leading edge used for epoch measurement | Bn = 2/tR | tR = 1 ms
Bandwidth = 2000 Hz = 2 kHz |
2K00K2XAN |
,| Table 1 - Multiplying Factors for use in Computing D,
Peak
Frequency Deviation, in FM Frequency Division Multiplex (FM/FDM) Multi-Channel Emissions |
|
|---|---|
| The value of D, or peak frequency deviation, in these formulas for Bn is calculated by multiplying the RMS value of per-channel deviation by the appropriate "multiplying factor" shown below. | |
| Number of telephone channels Nc | multiplying factor8 |
| (peak factor) × antilog | |
| 3 < Nc < 12 | 4.47 × antilog |
| 12 ≤ Nc < 60 | 3.76 × antilog |
| 60 ≤ Nc < 240 | 3.76 × antilog |
| Nc ≥ 240 | 3.76 × antilog |
A value in dB specified by the equipment manufacturer or station licensee, subject to administration approval
Footnotes
1 Emissions, where the main carrier is directly modulated by a signal that has been coded into quantized form (e.g. pulse code modulation), should be designated in 6.1.2 or 6.1.3.
2 Emissions, where the main carrier is directly modulated by a signal that has been coded into quantized form (e.g. pulse code modulation), should be designated in 6.1.2 or 6.1.3.
3 This excludes time-division multiplex.
4 In this context, the word "information" does not include information of a constant unvarying nature such as provided by standard frequency emissions, continuous wave and pulse radars, etc.
5 Includes bandwidth expansion techniques.
6 These methods of calculating necessary bandwidth apply only when the root-mean-square (RMS) deviation of the main carrier by a continuity pilot sub-carrier and/or when the audio sub-carrier is small with respect to the main carrier deviation. Typically, the RMS deviation of the main carrier by a continuity pilot sub-carrier or by audio sub-carriers is between 2.5% and 7.5%.
7 These methods of calculating necessary bandwidth apply only when the RMS deviation of the main carrier by a continuity pilot sub-carrier and/or audio sub-carrier is small with respect to the main carrier deviation. Typically, the RMS deviation of the main carrier by a continuity pilot sub-carrier or by audio sub-carriers is between 2.5% and 7.5%.
8 In the above chart, the multipliers 3.76 and 4.47 correspond to peak factors of 11.5 dB and 13.0 dB respectively. It is recognized that some systems that carry appreciable quantities of data or information other than voice may have different loading factors than the preferred ones shown above.
- Date modified:
