Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
CA 02732386 2011-11-15
HERBICIDAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING ACETIC ACID AND A NATURAL
ADJUVANT SURFACTANT
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to the field of herbicides.
The present invention is in respect of a natural herbicide, that utilizes
acetic acid, i.e. vinegar, to
kill weeds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There are many weed killers known in the art. Many chemical weed killers have
been banned
because of perceived harmful side effects, and the effects of new federal and
provincial laws. It
is an object of the present invention, then, to provide a weed killing or
herbicidal composition
that is environmentally acceptable and non-toxic.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention therefore provides a herbicidal composition comprising
an aqueous
solution of 15% - 25% by mass acetic acid, and an effective quantity of a
natural adjuvant
surfactant selected from the group consisting of sugar beet juice and natural
insecticidal soap.
The present invention also provides a herbicidal composition comprising an
aqueous solution of
15% - 25% by mass acetic acid, and an effective quantity of a non-yucca
natural adjuvant
surfactant.
Preferably in the composition of the present invention, the acetic acid is an
aqueous solution of
15-25% acetic acid, by mass.
More preferably, the vinegar/acetic acid solution is about 19-21% acetic acid.
The natural adjuvant surfactant may comprise about 0.1-3% of said composition.
The natural adjuvant surfactant may comprise about 0.1-1% of said composition
Preferably, the surfactant comprises about 0.2% of said composition.
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CA 02732386 2011-02-22
In a preferred embodiment, the composition of the present invention comprises
an
aqueous solution of vinegar at about 20% acetic acid, and about 0.2% natural
adjuvant
surfactant.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
It has been discovered that vinegar/acetic acid, at a strength of between
about 15% to
about 25%, mixed with about 0.1 to about 3% of a natural adjuvant surfactant
will
function as an effective herbicide.
A preferred formulation is 20% acetic acid, mixed with 0.2% yucca as a natural
adjuvant
surfactant. A preferred form of yucca is yucca extract in ethanol, available
from Desert
King International under the trademark Yucca Ag-Aide 50J.
The yucca functions as a surfactant, and helps the acetic acid to stick to the
leaves of
plants. The acetic acid then kills the plant. Other natural adjuvant
surfactants can be
used, if desired, with good effect.
The applicant has found that a 20% acetic acid, 0.2% yucca, water mixture will
provide a
sprayable herbicide with a coverage potential of about 750 sq. feet per 5
litres.
The mixture of the present invention, i.e., 20% acetic acid, with a natural
adjuvant
surfactant, is very effective to kill unwanted vegetation growing in cracks,
gaps and the
like. Accordingly, it is very effective as a cleaner for use on concrete,
stone, and
interlocking paves, to keep weeds from growing.
The herbicide of the present invention consists of an vinegar (20%) (all
percentages
herein are by mass) plus an organic plant extract (0.2%) as a wetting agent.
White
vinegar is an aged and filtered product obtained from the acetous fermentation
of diluted
distilled ethanol of natural origin. The herbicide of the present invention is
a totally
organic product.
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CA 02732386 2011-02-22
The herbicide of the present invention has been evaluated in replicated trials
for
vegetation burn down of annual, biennial/winter annual and perennial plant
species. The
proposed use rate of 5L of 20% full strength per 70m2 (750 ft2) provided
excellent burn
down of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers), white clover
(Trifolium repens L.), Plantain (Plantago spp.), bluegrass species (Poa spp.),
Barnyard
grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.), and Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.).
Top growth
necrosis of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.), small Canada fleabane
(Conyza
bonariensis (L.) Cronq. ) and quackgrass (Elymus repens (L.) Gould) was
observed within
14 days of application.
A rate of twice the proposed rate i.e., 10 liters of 20% vinegar per 70m2
provided more
rapid reaction (some within hours) of the above species. A rate of one half
the proposed
rate i.e. 205 liters of 20% vinegar per 70 m2 gave some burn but was not
commercially
acceptable. Lower dilution rates of the herbicide of the present invention,
comparable to
other currently registered acetic acid products which contain non-organic
wetting agents,
were less effective than the one half rate of the herbicide of the present
invention. Side
by side trials of the herbicide of the present invention and other acetic acid
products were
not conducted but the current use rates of the other products were included in
these trials.
These trials indicated that for good to excellent vegetation burn down of
species like
Canada thistle and fleabane, a rate of application higher than the use rate
proposed for
acetic acid/citric acid products with synthetic chemical adjuvants was
required. It is
reasonable to assume that a totally organic product might require a higher use
rate than a
similar product containing non organic materials.
The trials were conducted between the rows of an abandoned apple orchard and
an
abandoned vineyard. Observations made on the leaves of the lower branches of
the apple
trees did not indicate any negative effects from the MHV application. In the
vineyard
trial, leaves on the vines which were in the direct path of the spray
application showed
some browning of small leaves but vine growth itself was not affected; new
growth
following the application was also normal. Grape vine leaves not exposed to
the spray
showed no negative effects.
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CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Based on the result of these two trials, a rate of 5L per 70m2 (750 ft2) of
MNV provided
good to excellent control of annual plant species, good above ground burn off
of some
biennial/winter annual species and perennial plant species, with no negative
impact on
apples trees or grape vines. Based on observations of the two trials, it is
concluded that
5L 25% per 70 m2 of the herbicide of the present invention, will provide an
acceptable
result.
Example 1
Objective: To determine the effect of the herbicide of the present invention
(referred to
in this test as MHVP) on vegetable crop seed germination and transplant
establishment.
Location: Harrow, Ontario
Crop: Nine different vegetable crops
Crop selection was based on the following criteria:
Beans, green-a large seed broadleaf crop; seeds 5 cm apart
Carrots-a fine seeded root crop, slow germinator; seeds I to 2 cm apart
Cilantro-a medium sized seed, herb family, generally germinates well; seeds 1
to 2 cm
apart
Corn, sweet-a large seed grass crop; seeds 15 to 20 cm apart
Onions, green-a grass like bulb crop; bulbs 10 cm apart
Peppers, bell-a well rooted transplant broadleaf crop; transplanted 45 cm
apart
Potato, sweet-an non rooted transplant plantlet; transplanted 30 cm apart
Radish-a rapid germinating small seed; seeds 1 to 2 cm apart
Tomato, processing-a well rooted transplant with a long growing season and
widely
grown in the area; transplanted 30 cm apart
Site and Design:
Plot Width 4.0m Plot Length 7.6 m Replicates 3
Study Design - Randomized Complete Block
Herbicide: MHVP, 20% by mass acetic acid, 0.2% by mass yucca extract (Yucca Ag-
Aide 50TM), balance water
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CA 02732386 2011-11-15
Application Description:
Date: June 17, 2010
Time: Between 17:00 and 19:00 h
Application Method: Backpack sprayer
Application Timing: Over top of bare soil; seeds planted; transplants planted
the next day.
Application Rate: 5L/750 ft2 (69.7 m2) = X
Air Temperature: 21 C
Relative Humidity: Low
Wind Velocity: 6 to 8 KPH
Application Equipment:
Sprayer: Backpack sprayer with hand pump
Nozzle size: Tee JetTM 11004
Nozzle spacing: 50 cm
Band width: 2.0 m
Spray Volume: 2180 ml per 30.4 m2 equivalent 5L/69.7 m
Treatments:
1. Untreated check
2. MHVP at 2X rate
3. MHVP at X rate
4. MHVP at 1:2.25 dilution (MHVP : water)
5. MHVP at 1:3.0 dilution (MHVP : water)
Comments on the trial:
The weather during the days before and after planting and spraying was
uncommonly hot and
dry with high humidity during daylight hours. The entire summer was above
average for
temperature and much below average rainfall in June through October, except
for a few major
storms (Appendix 1). Drought conditions in July and August resulted in the
need for irrigation
of the site on a weekly basis. All plots were hand weeded to avoid competition
from weeds. No
additional pesticides, other than the treatments above, were
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
applied to any of plots. An overall application of Alaphafa (5-1-5) at 4.5
kg/93m2 was
worked into the plot area just prior to seeding. Sweet corn and tomatoes were
side
dressed with nitrogen (actual N) at approximately 70 kg/ha when the corn was
at the 5-6
leaf stage and the tomatoes were at first bloom. Treatments 4 and 5 were
applied to
simulate the rates of other acetic acid products that are currently being used
in the
industry.
Tables 1 provides the dates of various major activities within the trial.
Table 2 provides
harvest information related to the various vegetable crops evaluated
Results
Beans, Green
There was no difference among any of the treatment with respect to plant
emergence
(Table 3). There were a couple of plots that were noted to have suffered from
compaction
and from water damage in a single major rainfall event in July (Appendix 1).
This may
have resulted in a little more variability in the top growth biomass. The
weather did
result in uneven bloom and pod set, thus all pods were removed prior to taking
the above
ground plant weight. This action was taken to more clearly reflect any effect
that the
spray applications might have had on the bean plants. The coefficient of
variability (CV)
was at an acceptable level for all parameters measured in the trial. No effect
of the
treatments was determined.
Carrots
No difference was observed in early seedling emergence (Table 4). The carrot
seed
planting density was higher than normal and the germination was excellent.
This,
however, resulted in some crowding of the plants so the crop was harvested
prior to major
root growth thus allowing the top growth to be an accurate measure of the
response to the
various treatments. Although the top growth weight was lower in both samples
for
treatment 1 (untreated) than the remainder of the treatments, it was only
significantly
lower in the second sample. The overall average weights for the top growth
biomass
were not different. The CVs were at an acceptable level for the trial. No
effect of the
treatments was determined.
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CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Cilantro
There were no differences in plant emergence (Table 5). There was higher
variation in
the weights for sub sample 2 across all treatments. Further, the data for the
top growth
biomass from both sub samples of treatment 2 (2X MHVP) in the second replicate
(data
not shown) were inconsistently lower than all of the other samples within this
treatment.
The cilantro seemed to be more sensitive to the heavy rainfall at the end of
July and
localized flooding in replicate 2. The higher variability within the cilantro
trial resulted in
a higher CV, all of which may be more reflective of a response to weather and
soil
conditions rather than to the treatments. For this crop year, there were no
effects
observed from any of the treatments.
Corn, sweet
No differences were observed in corn emergence although the population was
higher than
normal (Table 6). The corn was hand seeded with the initial intention of
thinning to a
standard population. Since response to the treatments was anticipated to occur
during
emergence and/or early in the growing season, it was deemed appropriate to
take early
crop measurements prior to plant competition and forego the thinning process.
A
decision was made that these measurements would more accurately reflect the
treatments
than sweet corn yield which would be impacted by the hot dry weather
conditions and
potential poor pollination. There were no differences in plant height which
was supported
by the extremely low CVs. The lack of differences among the fresh weight of
the plants
was reflective of the height measurements and again supported by very low CVs.
The
treatments with MHVP had no effect on corn emergence or subsequent early crop
growth.
Onions, green
Difference in seedling emergence was determined among the treatments in the
onions
(Table 7). The difference was a higher (ever so small) emergence level for the
standard
rate of MHVP than the untreated check and the 2X rate of MHVP. However, all
other
treatments than the standard rate were not different from each other. Good
plant growth
resulted in none of the treatments being different to the untreated check. CVs
were low.
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CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Although slight differences were observed among the onion emergence data,
these were
slight and no differences were observed in green onion yield.
Peppers, bell
All of the bell pepper transplants survived (Table 8). The growth of the
peppers was
more wide ranging than some of the crops planted but there were no differences
among
treatments. The peppers did not flower well and much of the early fruit was
miss-shaped
or stunted. This may have been attributed to the weather conditions but was
consistent
across the trial. Hence a decision was made to remove the pepper fruit from
the plants and
allow the early growth to be the parameter by which to evaluate the
treatments. No
treatment effects were observed.
Potato, sweet
No differences were observed among the sweet potato plantlet survival or
differences in
tuber production (Table 9). Plant vine growth was excellent and no treatment
effects
were observed.
Radish
Radish seed germination was excellent and no differences were observed among
treatments (Table 10). There was however a wide variation in the amount of top
growth.
With the thick stand of radishes, sizing was problematic and would have
depicted a much
wider variation than the top growth. Hence a decision was made to utilize only
the top
growth biomass as a reflection of the treatments. Although the weights were
wide
ranging, no differences were observed among the treatments and the CVs were
well
within acceptable limits for a field trial like this. No treatment differences
were observed.
Tomatoes, processing
The treatments did not effect tomato transplant survival (Table 11). While the
tomato
yields varied somewhat, the red fruit were always higher than the green and
there were
never any differences among the treatments within the red, green or fruit
total. The two
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CA 02732386 2011-02-22
subsamples followed a similar pattern. The CVs fell within an acceptable
range. No
differences were observed among the treatments.
Summary:
This trial was established to see if Munger Horticultural Vinegar Plus applied
to the soil
surface after the planting of selected vegetable crop seeds or the
transplanting of selected
vegetables into pretreated area had any impact on seedling emergence or
transplant
establishment. Only green onion bulbs showed a slight difference in emergence;
which
may have been attributable to weather and soil conditions rather than the
treatments. The
difference in early onion emergence was not reflected in the yield response.
The range of crops evaluated and the wide array of parameters measured among
these
crops provided clear evidence that MHVP could be safely applied to bare soil
prior to the
establishment of a wide assortment of vegetable crops.
Table 1. Dates (2010) related to various parameters associated with the
application of
MHVP on nine vegetable crops grown on Brookston clay loam soil in Essex
County,
Ontario
Crop Planting Spraying Plant Counts Harvest
Beans, Green June 15 June 17 July 2 July 28
Carrots June 15 June 17 July 2 October 6
Cilantro June 15 June 17 July 2 Au ust 6
Corn, Sweet June 15 June 17 July 2 Jul 28
Onions, Green June 18 June 17 July 2 Au ust 6
Peppers, Bell June 18 June 17 July 2 Set 14
Potato, Sweet June 18 June 17 July 2 October 6
Radish June 15 June 17 Jul 2 Jul 26
Tomato, June 18 June 17 July 2 September 15
Processing
Table 2. Harvested parameters with area and description following an
application of
MHVP for nine vegetable crops grown on Brookston clay loam soil in Essex
County,
Ontario
Crop Harvested Portion Area Harvested Plant description
Beans, Green Above ground Two sections 1 meter Mature plants without
biomass in length bean pods'
Carrots Above ground Two sections 1 meter Mature tops only,
biomass in length roots did not develop
well
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CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Cilantro Above ground Two sections 1 meter Leaves fully
biomass in length developed
Corn, Sweet Plant height Two samples of 5 Corn 10 leaf stage
randomly selected
plants
Plant weight Same as above Measured plants
Onions, Green Plant top and root Two sections 1 meter Onions just beginning
in length to bulb
Peppers, Bell Plants minus fruit Five randomly Plants in flower with
selected plants widely varying fruit
size2
Potato, Sweet Tubers Two sections of 3 Mature plants
consecutive plants
Radish Above ground Two 25cm sections of Tops fully grown
biomass row
Tomato, Processing Red and green fruit Two sections of 3 Mature plants not
consecutive plants sprayed with ripener
Bean flowering (dry weather) was erratic so pods were removed to reflect plant
response
2 Fruit size varied so much (dry weather) they were removed to reflect plant
response
Appendix 1. Harrow Weather Daily Summary May 1 to October 31 -Reporting 2010
(Unofficial)
Month Maximum Minimum Total
Day Temp. Temp. Precip.
(C) (C) (mm)
-------- -------- -------- --------
51 23.1 16.1 4.3
52 21.9 15.7 5.1
53 22.6 14 4.8
54 22.1 11.5 0
5 26.8 14.4 4.6
56 19.4 9.9 0
5 7 16.4 8.9 8.6
5 8 12.4 4.6 4.6
59 13.6 0.9 0
5 10 12.6 1.2 0
5 11 9.7 6.8 32.8
5 12 10.3 5.6 0
5 13 21.8 5.2 10.7
5 14 19.9 9.4 4.6
5 15 18.9 10.1 0
5 16 17.9 7.8 0
5 17 18 9.7 15
5 18 14.1 9.2 6.1
5 19 19.6 8.2 0
5 20 25.2 12.3 0
521 21.8 14.4 0.3
5 22 23.2 15.8 12.7
5 23 25.2 13.6 0
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
24 27.6 15.1 0
5 25 27.7 15.9 0
5 26 27.8 16 0
5 27 29.5 18.3 0
5 28 29.2 16.7 0
5 29 28.7 15.2 0
5 30 28.1 13.2 0
531 29.9 17.7 5.6
6 1 24.9 18.3 0
62 25.1 18.4 9.7
63 26.7 16.8 0
64 25 14.2 0
65 27.5 17.6 18.5
66 23.1 13.9 24.9
67 21.7 10.6 0
68 19.5 9.3 1.3
69 27.2 14.9 3
6 10 26.3 16.7 0
6 11 24.5 16.4 0
6 12 30.1 22.1 0
6 13 25.4 18.3 0
6 14 24.3 18.7 0
6 15 25.1 18.6 0
6 16 28 19.2 0.5
6 17 23.5 16.2 0
6 18 29.1 13.9 2.5
6 19 29.9 20.4 0
6 20 29.4 18.3 0
621 26.7 15.7 0
6 22 31 19.3 3.6
6 23 27.9 20.6 11.7
6 24 28.3 19.6 0
6 25 27.1 16.3 0
6 26 30.5 18.7 0
6 27 30.2 20.2 0
6 28 30.9 19.5 0
6 29 23.2 13.1 0
6 30 23.6 9.6 0
71 24 11.4 0
72 24.6 10.9 0
73 28.6 15.9 0
74 32 20.1 0
75 33.7 24.4 0
76 33.4 22.3 0
77 34 23.9 0
78 34.1 23.6 2.3
79 29.3 18.2 0.3
7 10 30.4 16.6 0
711 30.7 21.7 0
7 12 29 21.8 0
7 13 28.3 20.1 0
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7 14 30.5 18 0
7 15 33.6 20.9 0
7 16 32.1 21.4 0
7 17 32.8 21.8 0
7 18 32.2 17.6 10.9
7 19 27.3 21.9 8.4
7 20 29 18 8.1
721 32.7 22.2 0
7 22 28.5 17.3 3.3
7 23 32.9 21.3 24.6
7 24 33.8 23.3 0.5
7 25 26.6 18.2 58.4
7 26 27.8 16.3 0
7 27 27.5 17.6 0
7 28 31.7 22.4 2
7 29 27.5 17.8 0
7 30 27.7 16.5 0
731 25.6 19.2 0
8 1 28 17.4 0
82 29.1 17.6 0
83 27.4 21.4 0.8
84 31.6 21 0
8 5 31.8 21.3 0.3
86 28.1 16.5 0
8 7 26.5 13 0
8 8 28.7 22.3 0
89 29.2 22.3 1.8
8 10 30.6 20.3 0
8 11 28.8 20.2 0.3
8 12 31 21.6 0.3
8 13 29.9 19.5 0
8 14 29.8 23.9 0
8 15 31.7 21.9 0.3
8 16 28.8 16.7 0
8 17 29.2 15.8 0
8 18 26.3 17.6 0
8 19 30.2 15.7 0
8 20 28.9 17.5 0
821 25.2 18.8 7.9
8 22 25.2 17.9 0
8 23 25.3 17.7 0.5
8 24 24.7 16.3 0.3
8 25 28.1 16.8 0
8 26 24.1 12.2 0
827 24.7 12.5 0
8 28 27.1 15.3 0
8 29 30.9 15.8 0
8 30 32.4 22.9 0
831 32.3 22.1 0
9 1 32.7 23.1 0
92 29.5 22.1 0.5
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93 26.4 16.6 1.8
94 21 12.4 0
95 23.7 9.7 0
96 24.9 14.1 1.5
97 30.5 18.6 0
98 21.7 13.6 0
99 22.8 8.6 0
9 10 20.2 9.2 0
9 11 22.2 9.9 9.4
9 12 25.3 14.6 0
9 13 28.3 14 0
9 14 22.9 10 0
9 15 21.4 9.2 0
9 16 25.1 14.3 17.3
9 17 18.8 10 0
9 18 23.3 9.8 0
9 19 21 14 0
9 20 20.4 13 0
921 31.1 17 0
9 22 25.1 16.6 3.6
9 23 29.9 15.9 0
9 24 29.8 17.8 0
9 25 18.1 12 0
9 26 17.3 7.1 0
9 27 16.3 11.4 1.3
9 28 14.2 12.1 19.8
9 29 20 9.6 0
9 30 22.9 10.7 0
1 19.5 7.3 0
102 14.9 8.2 17.5
103 11.6 6.5 0.3
104 15.2 5.9 0
105 16.6 7 0
106 21.1 7.8 0
107 22.3 9.5 0
108 24 7.4 0
109 22 10.6 0
10 10 28.3 9.3 0
10 11 26.6 11.7 0
10 12 16.7 6.4 0
10 13 17.9 4.8 11.9
10 14 16.6 7.6 4.3
10 15 17.6 7.6 0
10 16 16.6 4.8 0
10 17 18.2 7.6 0
10 18 14.5 7.5 0
10 19 15.5 3.3 0
10 20 17.9 3.5 0.8
10 21 13 4.1 4.6
10 22 13.1 1.7 0
1023 17.2 11.1 0
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1024 21.9 13 1.3
25 20.1 15.3 0
10 26 20.1 12.6 3.8
10 27 19.2 11 0
10 28 13.8 6.2 0.5
10 29 10.2 5.8 0
10 30 14.6 6.3 0
10 31 10.4 0.2 0
Example 2
Objective: To determine the efficacy of the herbicide of the present invention
for
vegetation management.
Location: Harrow, Ontario
Crop: Abandoned Orchard
Site and Design:
Plot Width 1.5m Plot Length 9.0m Replicates 3
Study Design - Randomized Complete Block
Herbicide: same as Example 1
Application Description:
Date: June 28, 2010
Time: Between 13:30 and 15:00 h
Application Method: Backpack sprayer
Application Timing: Over top of grass and broadleaf weeds
Application Rate: 5L/750 ft2 (69.7 m2) = X
Air Temperature: 32 C
Relative Humidity: High
Wind Velocity: 0 to 4 KPH
Vegetation Stage:
Kentucky bluegrass - 15 to 20 cm leaf extended
Dandelion - up to 15 cm rosette
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CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Clover - flowering
Canada thistle - sporadically throughout area up to 25 cm
Application Equipment:
Sprayer: Backpack sprayer with hand pump
Nozzle size: Tee Jet 11004
Nozzle spacing: 50 cm
Band width: 1.5 in
Spray Volume: 968 ml per 13.5 m2
Treatments:
6. MHVP at 2X rate
7. MHVP at X rate
8. MHVP at 0.5 X rate
9. MHVP at 2.25:1 dilution (water:MHVP)
10. MHVP at 3.0:1 dilution (water:MHVP)
11. Untreated check
Data Collection:
Control ratings were on a 0 to 100 basis where 0 = no control and 100 =
complete plant
necrosis. Control ratings were completed on July 1, 3 days after treatment.
Above
ground vegetation was determined from a 0.093 m2 area 6 days after treatment
on July 4,
2010.
Comments:
The weather during the days before and after was uncommonly hot and dry with
high
humidity during daylight hours. The 2X rate treatment was showing signs of
plant
interaction by the time we finished the last treatment. The entire summer was
above
average for temperature and much below average rainfall in June through mid
September.
Drought conditions in July and August resulted in insufficient regrowth with
the treated
areas to warrant a second biomass determination.
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Results:
The 2X rate provided excellent control of all of the plant species within the
trial area
(Kentucky bluegrass, dandelion, plantain, and clover) (Tablel). On an overall
basis, at 3
days after treatment, the X rate was just short of being acceptable. However,
this was due
to the slower death of the plantain and the clover; none of the remaining
rates provided
acceptable overall control (Table 1).
The data in Table 1 shows that, with respect to individual plant species,
dandelion control
was exceptional at the top 2 rates and Kentucky bluegrass was also good. These
rates had
almost reached acceptable control for plantain and clover within the 3 day
period. Rates
below approximately 5L/750 ft2 did not provide adequate control. The above
ground
biomass data indicates that considerable desiccation had taken place for the
plant material
treated at the two highest rates but not for the other treatments (Table 1).
Table 2 shows the statistical analysis of the data from Table 1 and supports
the above
statements.
Conclusion:
In summary, MHVP provided good to excellent control of Kentucky bluegrass,
dandelion, plantain and clover as early as three to six days after an
application of 5L/ 69.7
m2 or essentially 70 m2 (about 5L/750 ft).
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CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Table 1. Data for vegetation management with MHVP applied between the rows of
an
abandoned orchard
Pest Type Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation
Pest Code Overall Grass Dandelion Plantain Clover
Part Rated Above Grnd Above Grnd Above Grnd Above Grnd Above Grad Above Grnd
Rating Type Control Control Control Control Control Biomass
Rating Unit % % % % % mZ
Ratin Date Jul 4 2010 Jul 4 2010 Jul 4 2010 Jul 4 2010 Jul 4 2010 Jul 4 2010
Treatment Rate Plot
Unit*
MHVP 2X 101 95.0 100.0 100.0 95.0 90.0 392.5
203 85.0 100.0 100.0 85.0 85.0 252.7
301 90.0 90.0 100.0 90.0 90.0 328.0
Mean 90.0 96.7 100.0 90.0 89.3 324.4
MHVP X 102 75.0 90.0 100.0 75.0 80.0 295.7
206 75.0 80.0 100.0 75.0 75.0 317.2
305 80.0 80.0 100.0 80.0 80.0 360.2
Mean 76.7 83.3 100.0 76.7 78.3 324.4
MHVP 0.05 X 103 30.0 50.0 50.0 30.0 25.0 467.7
201 15.0 30.0 40.0 15.0 15.0 381.7
306 30.0 30.0 40.0 30.0 30.0 500.0
Mean 25.0 36.7 43.3 25.0 23.3 449.8
MHVP 2.25:1 104 20.0 25.0 50.0 20.0 20.0 500.0
205 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 354.8
304 10.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 677.4
Mean 13.3 18.3 30.0 16.7 13.3 510.7
MHVP 3:1 105 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7903
202 10.0 10.0 25.0 20.0 10.0 723.7
303 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 655.9
Mean 10.0 13.3 18.3 13.3 10.0 723.3
Untreated 106 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 720.4
204 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 784.9
302 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 892.8
Mean 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 799.4
*Rate = 5L/70m2
17
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Table 2. Data analysis for vegetation management with MHVP applied between the
tows
of an abandoned orchard
Pest Type Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation
Pest Code Overall Grass Dandelion Plantain Clover
Part Rated Above Grnd Above Grnd Above Grnd Above Grnd Above Grnd Above Grnd
Rating Type Control Control Control Control Control Biomass
-Rating Unit % % % % % m2
Rating Date July 4, 2010 July 4, 2010 July 4, 2010 July 4, 2010 July 4, 2010
July 4, 2010
Treatment Rate
Unit*
MHVP 2X 90.0 a' 96.7 a 100.0 a 90.0 a 88.3 a 324.4 b
MHVP X 76.7 b 83.3 b 100.0 a 76.7 b 78.3 b 324.4 b
MHVP 0.05 X 25.0 c 36.7 c 43.3 b 25.0 c 23.3 c 449.8 b
MHVP 2.25:1 13.3 d 18.3 d 30.Obc 16.7c 13.3 d 510.7b
MHVP 3:1 10.Od 13.3 d 18.3 c 13.3 c 10.0 d 723.3 a
MHVP Untreated 0.0 e 0.0 e 0.0 d 0.0 d 0.0 e 799.4 a
LSD (P=.05) 7.61 9.05 15.19 9.64 6.57 147.35
Standard 4.18 4.97 8.35 5.3 3.61 81.0
Deviation
CV 11.67 12.01 17.18 14.34 10.16 15.52
*Rate = 5 L/70 m
' Means within a column, followed by the same letter, do not significantly
differ (P=.05.
Student-Newman-Keuls)
Example 3
Objective: To determine the efficacy of MHVP for vegetation management.
Location: Harrow, Ontario
Crop: Abandoned Vineyard
Site and Design:
Plot Width 1.0m Plot Length 9.1 in Replicates 3
Study Design - Randomized Complete Block
Herbicide: same as Example 1
Application Description:
18
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Date: August 5, 2010
Time: Between 9:30 and 11:00 h
Application Method: Backpack sprayer
Application Timing: Over top of grass and broadleaf weeds
Application Rate: 5L/750 ft2 (69.7m2)
Air Temperature: 28 C
Relative Humidity: low
Wind Velocity: 0 to 4 KPH with gusts to 6 KPH
Vegetation Stage:
Kentucky bluegrass - 20 to 30 cm leaf extended, some plants with seed heads
Dandelion - up to 20 cm rosette
Canada thistle - sporadically throughout area up to 25 cm
Canada Fleabane - sporadically throughout the area up to 30 cm, early flower,
and mostly
on the plot edge
Application Equipment:
Sprayer: Backpack sprayer with hand pump
Nozzle size: Tee Jet 11004
Nozzle spacing: 50 cm
Band width: 1.0 m (2 nozzle boom)
Spray Volume: 653 ml/ 9.1 m2
Treatments:
12. MHVP at 2X rate
13. MHVP at X rate
14. MHVP at 0.5 X rate
15. MHVP at 2.25:1 dilution (water:MHVP)
16. MHVP at 3:1 dilution (water:MHVP)
17. Untreated check
19
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Data collection:
Control ratings were on a 0 to 100 basis where 0 = no control and 100 =
complete plant
necrosis.
Control ratings were completed on August 9, 4 days after treatment. Above
ground
biomass was collected and weighed from two 1 ft2 (0.093m2) areas on September
4,
2010.
Comments:
The weather during the days before and after was hot and dry with low humidity
in the
morning but high during the afternoon. The entire summer was above average for
temperature and much below average for rainfall in June through mid September.
August
was particularly dry.
Results:
Table 1 shows the data collected from each of the plots for the parameters as
set out
above. There was a major break point in the % control rating between 5L/70 m2
and the
rates below it. For the biomass weights, this distinction was also present but
their was a
great deal of variability caused by some sporadic Canada Fleabane and Canada
Thistle
patches in the treatment area; Kentucky bluegrass and dandelions were dead so
contributed very little to the biomass weight.
This variability is borne out in Table 2. There were clear differences in the
control
ratings with the X and 2X ratings meeting good to excellent control ratings
but rates
below that were not acceptable. Although the weight levels of above ground
biomass
were for the 2X and X rates were considerably lower than all other treatments,
the
variability was such that no statistical differences were obtained. It was not
practical to
try to do a species by species separation for the above ground biomass
material, but the
Canada Fleabane in particular contributed much to this variability.
Photographs have
been attached as evidence of this situation.
Conclusion:
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
The 2X and X rates of Munger Horticultural Vinegar Plus provided excellent
control of
the above ground vegetation (Kentucky Bluegrass, dandelion, Canada Thistle,
and
seedling Canada Fleabane) but not Canada Fleabane which was in flower and
sometimes
above the spray application. Rates below the 5L/70m2 were not acceptable.
Table 1. Data for vegetation management with MHVP applied between the rows in
an
abandoned vineyard
Pest Type Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation
Pest Code Overall Subsam le 1 Subsample 2 Average
Part Rated Above Ground Above Ground Above Ground Above Ground
Ratin Type Control Biomass Biomass Biomass
Rating Unit % Grams/0.093m2 Grams/0.093m2 Grams/0.093m2
Rating Date Aug. 9, 2010 Sept. 4, 2010 Set. 4, 2010 Sept. 4, 2010
Treatment Rate Unit* Plot
MHVP 2X 101 98.0 2.0 5.5 3.8
204 98.0 12.0 8.0 10.0
306 95.0 24.0 26.0 25.0
Mean 97.0 12.7 13.2 12.9
MHVP X 102 95.0 5.0 14.0 9.5
201 90.0 14.0 21.0 17.5
304 90.0 28.0 19.0 23.5
Mean 91.7 15.7 18.0 16.8
MHVP 0.05 X 103 40.0 19.0 15.0 17.0
206 30.0 23.0 23.0 23.0
306 20.0 85.0 90.0 87.5
Mean 30.0 42.3 42.8 42.5
MHVP 2.25:1 104 10.0 27.0 30.0 28.5
202 5.0 50.0 56.0 53.0
303 0.0 38.0 36.0 37.0
Mean 5.0 38.3 40.7 39.5
MHVP 3:1 105 2.0 32.0 28.5 30.3
203 2.0 27.0 29.0 28.0
301 5.0 59.0 52.0 55.5
Mean 3.0 39.3 36.5 37.9
Untreated 106 0.0 54.0 56.0 55.0
205 0.0 30.0 32.0 31.0
302 0.0 63.0 63.0 63.0
Mean 0.0 49.0 50.3 49.7
*Rate = 5 L/70m2
21
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Table 2. Data analysis for vegetation management with MHVP applied between the
rows
in an abandoned vineyard
Pest Type Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation Vegetation
Pest Code Overall Subsample I Subsample 2 Average
Part Rated Above Ground Above Ground Above Ground Above Ground
Rating Type Control Biomass Biomass Biomass
Rating Unit % Grams/0.093m2 Grams/0.093m2 Grams/0.093m2
Rating Date Aug. 9, 2010 Sept. 4, 2010 Sept. 4, 2010 Sept. 4, 2010
Treatment Rate Unit'
MHVP 2X 97.Oa' 12.7a 13.2a 12.9a
MHVP X 91.7a 15.7a 18.Oa 16.8a
MHVP 0.05 X 30.0 b 42.3 a 42.7 a 42.5 a
MHVP 2.25:1 5.0 c 38.3 a 40.7 a 39.5 a
MHVP 3:1 3.0 c 39.3 a 36.5 a 37.9 a
MHVP Untreated 0.0 c 49.0 a 50.3 a 49.7 a
LSD (P-.05) 7.63 26.87 32.05 29.17
Standard Deviation 4.19 14.77 17.62 16.04
CV 11.10 44.91 52.50 48.26
*Rate = 5 L/70m
Means within a column, followed by same letter, do not significantly differ
(P= .05.
Student-Newman-Keuls)
The Applicant conducted tests to determine the equivalence of a variety of
surfactants/adjuvants to yucca extract.
Tests were conducted on greenhouse transplant peppers, and chrysanthemums,
and are summarized in the following examples.
Example 4
Objective: To determine the effect of Munger Horticultural Vinegar with
various
adjuvants on greenhouse transplant peppers and chrysanthemums
Location: Harrow, Ontario
Crop: Greenhouse transplant peppers at the 9 to 10 unfolded leaf stage,
Chrysanthemums
in flower
Site and Design:
22
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
Commercial Greenhouse in Leamington Ontario
Greenhouse peppers and Miniature Chrysanthemums were in separate trials
Replicates 4
Study Design - Randomized Complete Block
Application Description:
Application Method: Hand held pistol grip spray pump with attached plastic
pipe in a 100
ml graduated glass cylinder. Fully rinsed 4 times between treatments
Application Timing: Over top and into plants
Application Rate: 10 ml of each treatment per plant
Air Temperature: 22 C day and night
Relative Humidity: Normal for greenhouse
Wind Velocity: Nil
Lighting: No supplemental lighting was provided during the trial; just natural
daylight
for the end of January.
Application Equipment:
Sprayer: Hand held 1 L pistol grip pump sprayer (mist bottle type) with bottle
removed
and replaced with graduated cylinder used to hold liquid source
Nozzle size: mist spray
Spray Volume: 10 ml per pot (spray to wet but not run off)
Treatments:
1. Untreated check
2. 20 % Munger Horticultural Vinegar (MHV)
3. Yucca extract at 0.2% (Y)
4. MHV + Y
5. Beet Juice (BTJ)*
6. MHV + BTJ
7. Safer Insecticidal Soap (SIS) (contains 2% potassium salts of fatty acids,
and
seaweed extract)
8. MHV + SIS
23
CA 02732386 2011-11-15
9. Sylgard Fm 309 (a silicone surfactant)
10. MHV + SylgardTM 309
11. EnhanceTM (an artificial surfactant)
12. MHV + EnhanceTM
*Beet Juice is a by product of sugar beet processing.
Comments on the trial:
Pepper plants (Variety - Striker) grown (singly, in cubes) for greenhouse
pepper production and
Miniature Chrysanthemums (Varieties - Surf, Jamestown, Chesapeake) grown (3
plants, in a 10
cm pot) for florist sales were purchased from local growers. A mix of
chrysanthemum varieties
was related to flower colour as opposed to differences in plant growth. The
plants were
transferred to a commercial greenhouse production facility for acclimation at
least 5 days prior to
being used for the experiments. All plants had been grown according to
standard production
procedures for the industry and were maintained similarly during the trial.
All chemical treatments were prepared in separate clear plastic 250 ml cups.
Water used for
mixing and rinsing was obtain at a water bottling outlet where the water had
been exposed to
osmotic cleaning. When SylgardTM was added to water, the solution went cloudy
but when added
to the MHV it remained clear. When EnhanceTM was added to the water some
flocculation
occurred but cleared when stirred; no flocculation occurred when mixed with
the MHV.
Treatments were prepared for 100 ml of solution. The solution was decanted 3
times between
cup and graduated cylinder to ensure good mixing.
Each plant was placed for spray application on a 30 cm wooden revolving
platform covered with
aluminum foil. The platform was slowly turned during the spray application to
allow full
coverage of the plants. All four replicate plants for each treatment were
sprayed singly, one
following the other on the platform. When each treatment was applied, all four
pepper plants
were sprayed before the chrysanthemums. Following treatment, the plants were
returned,
according to the experimental design, to their respective trial areas on metal
woven wire benches
within the greenhouse. Injury ratings were taken 2, 4 and 6 days after the
spray application.
Ratings were on a 0 to 100 basis where 0 represents complete death of the
plant and 100
represents no injury. On day 6
24
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
the plants were cut at the cube or pot surface and immediately weighed to
obtain their
fresh weight.
Three of the adjuvants (Yucca, Beet juice extract, Safer Insecticidal Soap)
are organic
materials while two are synthetic products (Sylgard 309 and Enhance). No
statistical
analysis was performed on the data.
Results
MHV caused greater than 55% damage to greenhouse pepper plants within 2 days
after
application (DAA) (Table 1). This injury increased to 80% or better within 6
days. All
adjuvants increased the injury over the MHV alone and a similar pattern was
determined
for the reduction in fresh weight. Plants treated with the adjuvants alone had
a very
minimal amount of weight reduction except for the Enhance treatment where the
plants
had a negative reduction (the plants weighed more than the untreated). The
addition of
Yucca extract to the MHV provided slightly better control and fresh weight
reduction.
The greatest fresh weight reduction came from the MHV + Safer Insecticidal
Soap while
all of the others were less than this and the Yucca extract.
For the chrysanthemums, all treatments with the adjuvants added to the MHV
provided a
slight advantage in early plant injury (Table 2). This increased substantially
by day 4. At
day 6 the injury ratings changed slightly for the MHV, MHV + Yucca and the MHV
+
Beet juice. The rating for MHV + Safer Insecticidal Soap dropped while those
with
Sylgard and Enhance rose slightly. The average fresh weight for plants treated
MHV +
any adjuvant other than Safer Insecticidal Soap were all lower than for the
MHV alone.
Average fresh weights followed a similar pattern to the injury ratings. Of
note, is the fact
that all chrysanthemum plants which had been sprayed by the adjuvant alone had
a higher
fresh weight at 6 DAA than the untreated check; except for Sylgard 309 where
essentially
the weights were the similar. This was further demonstrated in the % reduction
in fresh
weight. The % reduction in fresh weight indicated a slight improvement with
the Yucca
and Beet juice over the MHV alone. However, there was a sharp drop in %
reduction in
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
fresh weight for the Sylgard 309 compared to the MHV, only 32.6% vs 44.6%,
respectively.
While the synthetic adjuvants had a higher level of % reduction in fresh
weight over the
organic adjuvants, they would not be acceptable as usable in an organic
market.
Plant material grown in a greenhouse environment has traditionally been known
to be
more susceptible to spray applications as they have not been exposed to the
rigors of an
outside environment. Thus, while the increase in injury from the addition of
adjuvants to
MHV has not been large, there is evidence that their addition can for the most
part be
beneficial. This conclusion is further strengthened by similar results for two
different
plant types at two different stages of growth; namely seedling transplant
greenhouse
peppers and mature flowering miniature chrysanthemums.
The effect of the herbicide of the present invention using 0.2% yucca as a
surfactant on crops was analyzed, and is set forth in the following tables 5-
13.
26
CA 02732386 2011-02-22
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