Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
RAPID-ACTING HALLUCINOGENIC COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
This present disclosure relates generally to compositions comprising
hallucinogenic drugs. In
particular, the present disclosure is directed to rapid-acting compositions
comprising at least one
hallucinogenic active. It further relates to methods of administering
hallucinogenic actives which
would lead to rapid-acting effects.
119 BACKGROUND
Hallucinogenic drugs have been used recreationally in the United States and
abroad by millions
of people for decades. Recently hallucinogenic drugs have been suggested to
have therapeutic
potential for the treatment of psychiatric disorders including depression,
anxiety, post-traumatic
stress and addiction. Esketamine has been approved recently for the treatment
of severe
depression, psilocybin, the active ingredient in "magic mushrooms", has shown
promise in
several clinical trials for the treatment of depression, and other
hallucinogenic drugs are also
being investigated for their therapeutic effects.
Despite the promise for hallucinogenic drugs as therapeutics, the current
state of the art for
hallucinogenic drugs has not significantly advanced and little work has been
done to formulate
.. hallucinogenic drugs into products which have optimized pharmacological
properties.
Hallucinogenic drugs absorbed gastrointestinally typically have a variable and
delayed onset
time, ranging from 30 minutes to 2 hours. Hallucinogenic drugs typically also
have a variable
duration of action, ranging from 2 to 6 hours and can significantly interfere
with daily activities.
This delayed onset and lengthy action time represents a significant barrier
for the medicinal use
of hallucinogenic drugs. In medicinal use, it is critical to have drugs that
provide rapid onset of
action and are predictable in their duration of action.
Accordingly, the state of hallucinogenic drugs has an unmet need for rapid-
acting formulations
and for formulations which are predictable in their duration of action.
-1-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:
The foregoing and other aspects of the invention will become more apparent
from the following
description of specific embodiments thereof and the accompanying drawings that
illustrate, by
way of example only, the principles of the invention.
Figure 1 is a schematic of the different routes for drug delivery
>Gastrointestinal Bloodstream
Delivery (slow)
> Respiratory Bloodstream
Delivery (fast)
> Intranasal
Brain (fast)
Delivery
> Sublingual/ Bloodstream
ariii
Buccal Delivery (fast)
> Intravenous Bloodstream
Delivery (fast)
> Subcutaneous Bloodstream
Delivery (fast)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF NON-LIMITING EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
It will be appreciated that numerous specific details have been provided for a
thorough
understanding of the exemplary embodiments described herein. However, it will
be understood by
those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein may
be practiced without
these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures and
components have
not been described in detail so as not to obscure the embodiments described
herein. Furthermore,
this description is not to be considered so that it may limit the scope of the
embodiments described
-2-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
herein in any way, but rather as merely describing the implementation of the
various embodiments
described herein.
The description that follows, and the embodiments described therein, are
provided by way of
illustration of an example, or examples, of particular embodiments of the
principles of the present
invention. These examples are provided for the purposes of explanation, and
not limitation, of
those principles and of the invention.
Definitions
The term "rapid-acting" is defined herein as a drug or substance which has an
onset of action
more rapid than that of traditional oral administration, which includes but is
not limited to
embodiments with an onset of action not more than approximately one hour
following
administration, wherein an acceptable embodiment includes an onset of action
not more than
approximately 15 minutes after the administration, wherein the preferred
embodiment is a drug
or substance which has an onset of action not more than approximately 5
minutes after the
administration.
The term "oral administration" is defined herein as administration through the
mouth and is
intended for gastrointestinal, buccal or sublingual absorption. The term
"respiratory
administration" is defined herein as administration through the airways and is
intended for
pulmonary absorption and/or absorption in the nasal passages by insufflation
or inhalation. The
term "active substance" (also referred to herein as active or actives) is
defined herein as a
chemical or substance which induces a hallucinogenic state in a subject.
The term "drug product" is defined herein as a composition, formulation,
mixture or admixture
comprising a hallucinogenic drug in combination with any one or more of
functional or inactive
excipients, including but not limited to bulking agents, wetting agents,
lubricants, glidants,
carriers, solvents, osmotic agents, flavors, stabilizers and buffers or other
ingredients that allow
delivery of the drug substance by the selected delivery mechanism to the site
of administration of
the subject.
The term "hallucinogenic" is defined herein as a compound or substance which
typically induces
an altered state of perception including psychedelics, dissociatives,
entactogens and non-
-3-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
psychedelic hallucinogenic compounds. Hallucinogenic compounds or substances
include but
are not limited to compounds or substances within the class tryptamine,
phenethylamine and
ergolamine. Psychedelics are compounds which typically cause cognitive, visual
and/or auditory
perturbations and/or an altered state of consciousness as would be understood
by a person skilled
in the art, and are exemplified by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD),
mescaline, d-lysergic acid
amide (LSA), dimethyltryptamine (DMT), psilocin and psilocybin, and their
derivatives.
Dissociatives are compounds which typically distort perceptions of vision
and/or hearing and
produce feelings of detachment from the self and/or surrounding environment as
would be
understood by a person skilled in the art and are exemplified by ketamine,
phencyclidine (PCP),
dextromethorphan (DXM) and Salvia divinorum compounds. Enactogens/non-
psychedelics are
compounds which produce experiences of relatedness, emotional communion and/or
emotional
openness such as empathy or sympathy and are exemplified by 3,4-
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-
B), 5-
(2-Aminopropy1)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene (5-APDI, TAP), 6-(2-Aminopropyl)
benzofuran (6-
APB), 5-(2-aminopropyl) benzofuran (5-APB), methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine
(MBDB),
methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA),
methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine (MDOH), mephedrone, 3-methylmethcathinone (3-
MMC), methylone alpha-ethyltryptamine (alphaET), alpha-methyltryptamine
(alphaMT), 5-
iodo-2-aminoindane (5-TAT) and methylenedioxyaminoindane (MDAI).
Hallucinogenic
compounds according to the invention may be provided as free bases, salts,
neutral compounds
and prodrugs of the compounds.
In some embodiments, the hallucinogenic compounds may comprise one or more
compounds
described in co-pending US Provisional Patent Application No. 63/045,901
entitled
TRYPTAMINE PRODRUGS, filed on June 30, 2020, the entire contents of which are
incorporated herein by reference, where permitted.
The term "prodrug" in the present invention refers to a chemically modified
version of a
hallucinogenic drug. Prodrugs are often inactive or less active at the target
biological receptor,
but under biological conditions are transformed to the active form of the
drug. Reasons for
prodrugs may comprise properties of favorable (improve) solubility, stability,
permeability,
absorption or uptake and bioavailability. Biological transformation may occur
due to a change in
pH, e.g. via hydrolysis in the stomach, by metabolism, e.g. via chemical
changes in the tissues,
-4-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
including but not limited to adipose, liver, blood, plasma, intestines, brain,
muscle, as well as by
microbes (microflora) in the mouth, intestines or vagina.
The term "release" is defined herein as the solubilization of a compound into
its individual
components including active substances.
One of the objectives of the invention to provide novel compositions of
hallucinogenic drug
products which generally induce rapid-acting effects in subjects. Described
herein are rapid-
acting formulations of hallucinogenic drugs that contain excipients which
modify
pharmacokinetics.
Hallucinogenic drug products
Current hallucinogenic drug products consumed gastrointestinally are required
to passage and/or
be digested by the gastrointestinal tract and absorbed through the intestine
prior to entry into the
bloodstream. While gastrointestinal administration of a "pure" hallucinogenic
drug products
leads to absorption times of roughly 20 - 40 minutes, this delay remains an
issue regarding
therapeutic use of these molecules. For therapeutic use, healthcare
professionals and patients
seek drug products that have more rapid absorption times.
Excipients
In some embodiments the invention comprises hallucinogenic drug products which
are
formulated with excipients which accelerate the release and solubilization, or
increase the
surface area, by micronization for example, of their active substance or
substances leading to a
rapid onset of action. The pH of the microenvironment surrounding the drug
product can be
modified by proper selection of excipients that either increase or decrease pH
and lead to more
rapid dissolution profiles of the active substance. The addition of these
excipients can lead to
rapid-acting formulations or formulations which are typically predictable in
their duration of
action.
These formulations are generally suitable for, but not limited to, intra-oral
(sublingual and
buccal), intra-nasal, or vaginal administration, with mucosal absorption of
hallucinogenic drug
products. The altered release of a hallucinogenic drug at various mucous
membranes may lead to
accelerated absorption, as the release of compounds into their soluble form is
imperative for
-5-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
absorption into the bloodstream and movement into the central nervous system
where its effects
are exerted.
In some embodiments, hallucinogenic drug products include excipients, which
accelerate the
absorption of their active substrates. These excipients include, but are not
limited to, xinafoate
.. salts, hydrochloride salts, pamoate salts, salicylate salts, and salts of
hydroxynaphthoic acid
isomeric family members containing a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group in
the ortho position
to each other in each naphthyl ring with only one hydroxyl and one carboxyl
group present per
ring. Other excipients include, but are not limited to, salts of: lower
molecular weight di-alkyl
amine pamoate, lower molecular weight di-aryl amine pamoate, lower molecular
weight di-alkyl
esters of pamoic acid, lower molecular weight di-aryl esters of pamoic acid,
lower molecular
weight dialkylacyl 0-esters of pamoic acid, lower molecular weight di-arylacyl
0-esters of
pamoic acid, ortho isomers of hydroxy naphthoic acid, salts of hydroxy
naphthoic acid, lower
molecular weight alkyl amine salts of hydroxy naphthoic acid, lower molecular
weight aryl
amine salts of hydroxy naphthoic acid, lower molecular weight alkyl esters of
hydroxy naphthoic
acid, lower molecular weight aryl esters of hydroxy naphthoic acid, lower
molecular weight
alkylacyl 0-esters of hydroxyl naphthoic acid, lower molecular weight arylacyl
0-esters of
hydroxyl naphthoic acid, lower molecular weight alkyl amine salts of salicylic
acid, lower
molecular weight aryl amine salts of salicylic acid, lower molecular weight
alkyl esters of
salicylic acid, lower molecular weight aryl esters of salicylic acid, lower
molecular weight
.. alkylacyl 0-esters of salicylic acid, lower molecular weight arylacyl 0-
esters of salicylic acid as
exemplified in U.S. Patent 9,421,266 and U.S. Patent 10,183,001.
In some embodiments of the invention, hallucinogenic drug products include
excipients wherein
delivery is assisted by nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are chemically inert
structures that are
usually between about mm and about 100nm in diameter. In the context of the
invention,
.. nanoparticles may be useful by improving the absorption of hallucinogenic
drugs, thereby
accelerating the onset time of hallucinogenic drugs induced effects.
Nanoparticles may improve
absorption in mixed formulations by breaking up aggregates of drug and by
increasing their
surface area and enhancing their absorption. Drugs may be adsorbed to the
surface of the
nanoparticles and carrier nanoparticles during formulation. The ability of
nanoparticles to break
up aggregates is commonly associated with microenvironments of elevated shear
stress such as
in the intestine and in regions of occluded blood vasculature. Nanoparticle
carriers can facilitate,
-6-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
stabilize and improve the aerosolization of the drug substance for use in
various routes of
administration. Nanoparticle excipients may comprise but are not limited to:
gold, silver, cobalt,
cobalt ferrite, cobalt nitride, cobalt oxide, cobalt-palladium, cobalt-
platinum, iron-gold, iron-
chromium, iron nitride, iron oxide, iron-palladium, iron-platinum, iron-
zirconium-niobium-
boron, manganese nitride, neodymium-iron-boron, nickel, neodymium-iron-boron-
niobium,
silica, perflubutane polymer microspheres, polyanhydride, polyhydroxybutyric
acid, polyacrylic,
polymethacrylic, polystyrenic, polyorthoesters, polysiloxanes,
polycaprolactone, chitosan,
polyethyleneglycol, polyalkylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyactide,
polyglycolide
polypyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, dextran, polyphosophaze, polyorthoesters,
polysiloxanes,
polycaprolactone, poly(a-hydroxy acids), hyaluronic acid, (e.g., sucrose,
glucose, sorbitol,
acacia, alginic acid, sodium alginate, gelatin, starch, pregelatinized starch,
microcrystalline
cellulose, cellulose derivatives including microcrystalline cellulose,
magnesium aluminum
silicate, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose,
ethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or polyethylene glycol, croscarmellose
sodium, iron oxide
and/or combinations and derivatives thereof.
In some embodiments of the invention, hallucinogenic drug products include
excipients wherein
delivery is accelerated by a formulated matrix. Formulated matrices allow for
the layering of
compounds within gastrointestinally administered tablets and can be used to
layer active
substances at various concentrations with or without excipients which assist
in absorption.
Formulated matrices may comprise, but are not limited to, rapid-acting
formulations of
microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose, corn starch,
colloidal silica, sodium laurel sulphate, silicified microcrystalline
cellulose, magnesium stearate,
sodium croscarmellose, crospovidone, and combinations of such excipients.
Formulations
In some embodiments of the invention, hallucinogenic drug products are
formulated as a tablet,
capsule, soft gelatin capsule, hard gelatin capsule, rapid disintegrating
tablet, rapid melt, rapid
dissolving tablet, thin film, bilayer or multilayer thin film, multilayer
tablet, tannate tablet,
effervescent tablet, bead, liquid, suspension, chewable tablet, lozenge,
lollipop, oral syrup,
powder, micronized powder or other dosage forms or a mixture thereof in
combination with any
of the above listed excipients.
-7-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
-8-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
Delivery
Gastrointestinal Delivery
It is another object of the invention to provide methods of administering
hallucinogenic drug
products such that their effects are felt by the subject in a rapid-acting
manner. Additionally,
novel methods of administering hallucinogenic drug products may lead to more
rapid absorption
through other mucous membranes aside from those found in the gastrointestinal
tract wherein
hallucinogenic drugs are traditionally absorbed. Hallucinogenic drug products
taken
gastrointestinally must be absorbed and enter the bloodstream and central
nervous system in
order to exert their effects. This process may lead to significantly delayed
onset times compared
to administration through other routes. Furthermore, it is estimated that
nearly half of
gastrointestinally administered hallucinogenic drugs may be excreted and
therefore not
delivered. These issues can be circumvented through administration via other
routes. This has
been previously demonstrated with the intravenous administration of
hallucinogenic drugs as in
the case of psilocybin (Hasler, et al, Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae,1997,175-
184) wherein
intravenous administration results in peak plasma concentrations of psilocybin
within minutes of
delivery and a half-life which is less than half than that of gastrointestinal
administration.
Pulmonary Delivery
In contrast to gastrointestinal delivery, administration of drugs through the
respiratory tract
results in absorption within minutes and significantly shorter half-lives of
active compounds.
These traits are desirable for hallucinogenic drugs as therapeutics due to the
significantly
reduced disruption to daily activities and would allow for a period of action
which is more
consistent.
In some embodiments of this invention, hallucinogenic drugs may be delivered
in the form of a
vapor, aerosol or powder using a pulmonary delivery system wherein the
hallucinogenic drug is
in its pure form, in a solvent (e.g. water) or with a carrier (e.g.
nanoparticle lactose). Vapors,
aerosols or powders can be inhaled into the lung and typically results in
absorption into the blood
plasma within minutes and with significantly shorter half-lives.
In some embodiments of the invention, a device is utilized to achieve
aerosolization of a
hallucinogenic drug product, including, but not limited to, a hallucinogenic
drug product in its
-9-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
pure form using a combustible element which ignites when voltage from a power
source is
applied to it contained within a housing unit (including but not limited to
those exemplified in
U.S. Patent 7,987, 846 (Staccato, Alexza, www.alexza.com)). A metallic
substrate is located
within the device such that heat given off by the combustible element is
absorbed by the
substrate. The heating of the substrate is intended to be rapid in order to
induce vaporization of a
drug product contained within. The vapor is then cooled in order to achieve
condensation of the
vapor into aerosols intended for inhalation. This device contains a single
opening with a
mouthpiece where the subject inhales the aerosol. The ideal particle size
formed by this device is
about lgm to about 5 gm in diameter.
In some embodiments of the invention, respiratory delivery of a liquid
(solution or suspension)
hallucinogenic drug product is achieved wherein a device aerosolizes the
hallucinogenic drug
product by pumping the liquid form through a nozzle so as to generate small
droplets (aerosol)
with a particle size between about lgm to about 5 gm in diameter.
In some embodiments of the invention, pulmonary delivery of a hallucinogenic
drug product is
achieved using a device which vaporizes a hallucinogenic drug product
including, but not limited
to, a hallucinogenic drug product in its pure solid form using a combustible
or heat conductible
element.
In some embodiments of the invention, pulmonary delivery of a hallucinogenic
drug product is
achieved using a dry powder inhaler system (including, but not limited to,
those exemplified in
U.S. Patent US 2009/0241949 Al (MannKind Corp, www.mannkindcorp.com)). Dry
powder
inhaler systems typically comprise a dry powder inhalation device and a
cartridge containing a
hallucinogenic drug product including but not limited to a hallucinogenic drug
product in its pure
powder form. Exemplary dry powder inhalers can be reusable, can be
disassembled for cleaning
and/or use pre-measured doses of a drug contained in cartridges. Exemplary dry
powder inhalers
contain a mouthpiece which may be separable from the housing, an air inlet,
air exit port, a
chamber and a housing unit wherein there is a conduit permitting airflow
between the air inlet,
air exit port and a chamber. The chamber is designed such that the cartridge
will fit within. The
mouthpiece is structurally configured to receive, hold and/or release a drug
from the chamber.
Upon release of the drug, the user actively inhales for administration.
-10-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
In some embodiments of the invention, a dry powder inhaler system contains a
housing unit, a
dispersion chamber, a dispenser orifice through which the user inhales, an
opening that receives
a capsule formed of two portions; one containing a dose of hallucinogenic dry
powder drug
including but not limited to a hallucinogenic drug in its pure form and at
least one moveable
portion that moves relative to the housing between two positions. While moving
between the two
positions, the movable portion actuates a slidable member or rotary projection
which is adapted
to open the capsule at the time of inhalation. One capsule portion vibrates or
swirls within the
dispersion chamber during inhalation as to disperse the powder. In some
embodiments the
chamber may include air inlets to allow for additional airflow to enhance the
mixing of the
powder in the chamber prior to inhalation. Suitable devices include, but are
not limited to, those
exemplified in U.S. Patent 9,415,177 (Aptar, Prohaler0,
https://pharma.aptar.com); however,
any suitable device is contemplated.
Intranasal Delivery
Intranasal delivery has proven effective in delivery to the central nervous
system and is expected
to be the method of delivery for treating neurological diseases where existing
techniques fail.
Intranasal delivery is superior to gastrointestinal delivery modalities as it
can allow for delivery
to the brain through the olfactory region directly avoiding the blood-brain-
barrier. This also
enables circumvention of first pass metabolism by the liver where a
significant amount of drug
may be lost. Additionally, intranasal delivery typically allows for drug
absorption within minutes
.. and can reduce the duration of action of a dose of the drug. These traits
are desirable for
hallucinogenic drugs as therapeutics, as the duration of the psychedelic
effect could be shortened
and thereby be significantly less of a disruption to daily activities. It may
also allow for a period
of action which is more consistent.
In some embodiments of the invention, intranasal delivery of a hallucinogenic
drug product uses
.. a device such as that exemplified in Patent AU 2007201918 Al (Optinose,
ONZETRAO Xsail,
http://www.onzetrahcp.com/ and Optinose), or other suitable device, such that
delivery of a
hallucinogenic drug product including but not limited to a hallucinogenic drug
in its pure form,
can be achieved using a device comprised of a container containing a drug, a
means for
formulation into aerosols or other particles, an outlet which the formulation
is dispensed and a
-11-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
means for dispensing the formulated particles through said outlet. The optimal
particles for
absorption through the nasal cavity have a diameter from about 1-um about 5
gm.
In some embodiments of the invention, hallucinogenic drug products are
administered
intranasally using a device such as that exemplified in Patent WO 2019136306
Al (Acorda
Therapeutics, Inbrija, www.inbrija.com), or any other suitable device, enabled
to provide a
manually actuated and optionally metered-dose device. In some embodiments the
device
includes housing with a propellant canister, a compound chamber containing a
drug product
including but limited to a hallucinogenic drug in powder form, a channel which
connects the
propellant canister to the compound chamber and an outlet orifice. The
compound chamber may
optionally be separable from the housing. In this exemplary configuration,
propellant released
from the canister travels through the channel, propelling the drug product
within the compound
chamber through the orifice. The outlet orifice is configured for delivery
into the upper nasal
cavity.
In some embodiments of the invention, hallucinogenic drug products are
administered
intranasally. According to some embodiments, a drug product containing an
active substance is
delivered by spraying a dry powder comprising a hallucinogenic drug in pure
form, or any other
suitable form, contained within a capsule. The capsule may be loaded between a
connection port
on the side of a bottle containing a nozzle which requires engagement of a
pump by the user. An
exemplary method is described in U.S. Patent 7,722,566 (Shinn Nippon
Biomedical
Laboratories, ICOTM System, https://www.snbl-nds.com); however, any suitable
method is
contemplated.
In some embodiments of the invention, hallucinogenic drug products may be
administered
intranasally, for example, using a device having a nasal spray dispenser
containing a pump
connected to a feeding tube wherein a liquid drug product including but not
limited to a
hallucinogenic drug product in pure form travels through upon engagement of
the pump by the
user. An exemplary device and method are described in WO 2010040979 Al
(Archimedes
Development, Lazanda, https://lazanda.com); however, any suitable devices and
methods are
contemplated.
-12-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
Sublingual and Buccal Administration
Sublingual and buccal administration may also be advantageous over
gastrointestinal delivery as
it allows for bypass of liver metabolism and improved bioaccumulation within
the plasma. The
mucosa of the oral cavity is highly permeable and allows for drug products to
pass into the
bloodstream, allowing for drug absorption within minutes and for significantly
shorter drug half-
lives. These traits are desirable for hallucinogenic drug therapeutics as the
psychedelic effect
would typically pose significantly less of a disruption to daily activities
and would allow for a
period of action which is more consistent.
In some embodiments of the invention a hallucinogenic drug product is
administered sublingually
or buccally by way of, for example, a dissolving tablet, disintegrating
tablet, thin film, lozenge,
patch, lollipop, gel and/or including devices which allow for their
administration, such as that
exemplified in US 20160175533 Al (Acehx, httris://www.acelrx.com) (however,
any suitable
device is contemplated). According to some embodiments, the device includes a
housing and a
pushrod, where the housing defines a delivery channel connected to an exit
port. At least a portion
of the pushrod is movably disposed in the delivery channel. The distal end of
the pushrod is
configured such that a drug dosage form, including but not limited to a
hallucinogenic drug in its
pure form is placed within the channel will be delivered through the exit
port. Delivery through
the exit port by the pushrod may be achieved by moving the pushrod from an
initial position to a
second position. In some embodiments the initial and second position may be
defined using
.. multiple groves wherein each groove is parallel to another. In some
embodiments a device may
include a hub wherein rotating the hub leads to extension or retraction of the
pushrod.
An ideal embodiment of the invention would be a rapid-acting method of
administration of a
hallucinogenic drug which has an onset of action within 5 minutes and has a
duration of one hour.
The hallucinogenic drug product ideally would be in a pure form which is
stable and protected
from the environment. The hallucinogenic drug product should be stored within
a container as to
avoid exposure to unintended individuals.
The invention is further described by the following examples that should not
be construed as
limiting the scope of the invention.
-13-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
EXAMPLES
Example 1
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of a
pharmaceutically effective hallucinogenic compound formulated with excipients
which modify the
pH within the microenvironment at the site of absorption in the
gastrointestinal tract. At 5 minutes
after administration subject X does not feel any hallucinogenic effects. At 5
minutes after
administration subject Y experiences noticeable hallucinogenic effects.
Example 2
Hallucinogenic compounds formulated with pamoate are prepared by adding to a
three-neck
round-bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar, thermowell, nitrogen
inlet and a funnel
charged X grams of disodium pamoate to 75:25 ethanol/water. The contents were
stirred at room
temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. An equimolar amount hallucinogenic
compound is
added and the mixture is stirred overnight. The resulting solution is
concentrated under reduced
pressure. The residue is triturated in water and the solids are isolated by
filtration. The resulting
powder results in a reduced pH within the microenvironment at the site of
absorption .
Example 3
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount of hallucinogenic compound formulated with
nanoparticle
excipients which increase the surface area of the drug. At 5 minutes after
administration subject
X does not feel any hallucinogenic effects. At 5 minutes after administration
subject Y experiences
noticeable hallucinogenic effects.
Example 4
Hallucinogenic compounds formulated with PEG-PLGA (50:50 MW 4:17 kDA)
nanoparticles
are prepared by using COOH-PEG-PLGA polymer conjugated with a peptide X which
binds to a
hallucinogenic compound Y using a maleimide PEG-NH2 linker. The cysteine ends
of the
peptides were conjugated to the maleimide end of the PEG linker in a PBS
buffer at a pH of 6.5.
Subsequently the carboxyl-functionalized PEG-PLGA polymer was activated with 1-
ethyl-3-(3-
-14-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
dimethylaminopropyl) (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and reacted with the
PEG
modified peptides in a PBS/DMSO mixture for 4 hours in ambient conditions. The
final products
were isolated by dialysis to obtain a lyophilized powder. Confirmation of the
conjugation
reaction was confirmed using 1H NMR.
Example 5
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount of hallucinogenic compound formulated with
matrix excipients
which increase the surface area of the drug. At 5 minutes after administration
subject X does not
feel any hallucinogenic effects. At 5 minutes after administration subject Y
experiences noticeable
hallucinogenic effects.
Example 6
Hallucinogenic compounds formulated with microcrystalline cellulose were
prepared as follows:
alpha cellulose is treated with hydrochloric acid to reduce the degree of
polymerization and to
break down cellulose into smaller chain polymers. The resulting solution
results in an aqueous
slurry. A mass X of a hallucinogenic compound Y is then added to the cellulose
solution. The
resulting solution was then spray-dried to form a fine powder. Solid mixtures
of microcrystalline
cellulose and compound Y, optionally with additional excipients, are then
shaped into tablet forms
by direct compression.
Example 7
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of
pharmaceutically effective amount of hallucinogenic compound administered with
a pulmonary
delivery system in the form of a vapor to the lung. At 5 minutes after
administration subject X
does not feel any hallucinogenic effects. At 5 minutes after administration
subject Y experiences
noticeable hallucinogenic effects.
-15-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
Example 8
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of
pharmaceutically effective amount of hallucinogenic compound administered with
a pulmonary
delivery system in the form of an aerosol to the lung. At 5 minutes after
administration subject X
does not feel any hallucinogenic effects. At 5 minutes after administration
subject Y experiences
noticeable hallucinogenic effects.
Example 9
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of
pharmaceutically effective amount of hallucinogenic compound administered with
a pulmonary
delivery system in the form of a dry powder to the lung. At 5 minutes after
administration subject
X does not feel any hallucinogenic effects. At 5 minutes after administration
subject Y experiences
noticeable hallucinogenic effects.
Example 10
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of
pharmaceutically effective amount of hallucinogenic compound administered with
an intranasal
delivery system in the form of an aerosol to the nasal cavity. At 5 minutes
after administration
subject X does not feel any hallucinogenic effects. At 5 minutes after
administration subject Y
experiences noticeable hallucinogenic effects.
Example 11
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of
pharmaceutically effective amount of hallucinogenic compound administered with
an intranasal
delivery system in the form of a dry powder to the nasal cavity. At 5 minutes
after administration
subject X does not feel any hallucinogenic effects. At 5 minutes after
administration subject Y
experiences noticeable hallucinogenic effects.
-16-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
Example 12
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of
pharmaceutically effective amount of hallucinogenic compound administered
sublingually. At 5
minutes after administration subject X does not feel any hallucinogenic
effects. At 5 minutes after
administration subject Y experiences noticeable hallucinogenic effects.
Example 13
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of
pharmaceutically effective amount of hallucinogenic compound administered
sublingually using
a mechanical device. At 5 minutes after administration subject X does not feel
any hallucinogenic
effects. At 5 minutes after administration subject Y experiences noticeable
hallucinogenic effects.
Example 14
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of
pharmaceutically effective amount of hallucinogenic compound administered
buccally. At 5
minutes after administration subject X does not feel any hallucinogenic
effects. At 5 minutes after
administration subject Y experiences noticeable hallucinogenic effects.
Example 15
A human subject X is treated with a gastrointestinal dose of a
pharmaceutically effective amount
of hallucinogenic compound. A second human subject Y is treated with the same
dose of
pharmaceutically effective amount of hallucinogenic compound administered
buccally using a
mechanical device. At 5 minutes after administration subject X does not feel
any hallucinogenic
effects. At 5 minutes after administration subject Y experiences noticeable
hallucinogenic effects.
Example 16
Ketamine HC1 is mixed with a mixture of solid low molecular weight
polyethylene glycols
(MW<1000), a taste masking agent, a sweetener (Stevia) and a flavor. The
resulting mixture is
pressed into small tablets with doses from 100mg to 250mg Ketamine
equivalents. The tablets
-17-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
when placed under the tongue dissolve in less than 1 min and provide for
effective
buccal/sublingual administration of the psychedelic substance.
Example 17 (sublingual thin films)
To a dispersion comprising a mixture of high MW and low MW hydroxypropyl-
methylcellulose
(HPMC), pyridoxine free base or micronized MgO, stevia, menthol and glycerol
stearate and water
is added dimethyltryptamine hydrochloride. The portion of homogeneous, viscous
liquid mixture
is placed on a 300um thick polyacrylate sheet and the liquid is spread at
constant thickness by
passing between parallel bars separated by 500um. The resultant sheet with a
film of liquid is
placed in an oven and dried. A mechanical dye cutter is used to cut 1-inch
squares of the dried
drug-loaded HPMC polymer film and these are peeled from the polyacrylate film
and stored
individually in heat-sealed aluminum foil pouches. The films disintegrate in
water and/or below
the tongue in <90 sec.
Example 18
Micronized LSD is dry mixed with micronized sterile lactose and stabilizers to
form an inhalable
powder. The powder mixture is loaded into a single use device for pulmonary
administration.
Example 19
An aqueous solution is prepared containing pectin, psilocin, a bacteriostatic
agent and an
antioxidant. The solution is sterile filtered through 0.22um filter and placed
in a sterile spray bottle
for nasal administration. Optionally a buffer, such as sodium bicarbonate, is
added to stabilize a
solution pH 5-7.
Example 20
A sterile powder (25mg) of hemi-glutarate ester of psilocin in a sterile vial
is dissolved in a
minimal amount of sterile phosphate buffer with saline (e.g. about 0.5m1) to
make a ready to inject
solution. The solution is injected subcutaneously to a patient.
While the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes
of clarity and
understanding, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the relevant arts,
once they have been made
familiar with this disclosure, that various modifications can be made without
departing from the
-18-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
true scope of the invention in the appended claims. The invention is therefore
not to be limited in
scope to the specific aspects herein disclosed. Any examples provided herein
are included solely
for the purpose of illustrating the invention and are not intended to limit
the invention in any way.
Any drawings provided herein are solely for the purpose of illustrating
various aspects of the
invention and are not intended to be drawn to scale or to limit the invention
in any way. Except to
the extent necessary or inherent in the processes themselves, no particular
order to steps or stages
of methods or processes described in this disclosure, including the Figures,
is intended or implied.
In many cases the order of process steps may be varied without changing the
purpose, effect, or
import of the methods described. The disclosures of all prior art recited
herein are incorporated
herein by reference as if set forth in their entirety.
INTERPRETATION
References in the application to "one embodiment", "an embodiment", etc.,
indicate that the
embodiment described may include a particular aspect, feature, structure, or
characteristic, but not
every embodiment necessarily includes that aspect, feature, structure, or
characteristic. Moreover,
such phrases may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment
referred to in other
portions of the specification. Further, when a particular aspect, feature,
structure, or characteristic
is described in connection with an embodiment, it is within the knowledge of
one skilled in the art
to affect or connect such module, aspect, feature, structure, or
characteristic with other
embodiments, whether or not explicitly described. In other words, any module,
element or feature
may be combined with any other element or feature in different embodiments,
unless there is an
obvious or inherent incompatibility, or it is specifically excluded.
It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional
element. As such, this
statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for the use of exclusive
terminology, such as
"solely", "only", and the like, in connection with the recitation of claim
elements or use of a
"negative" limitation. The terms "preferably", "preferred", "prefer",
"optionally", "may", and
similar terms are used to indicate that an item, condition or step being
referred to is an optional
(not required) feature of the invention.
The singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include the plural reference unless
the context clearly
dictates otherwise. The term "and/or" means any one of the items, any
combination of the items,
-19-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
or all of the items with which this term is associated. The phrase "one or
more" is readily
understood by one of skill in the art, particularly when read in context of
its usage.
It will also be understood that for the purposes of this application, "at
least one of X, Y, and Z" or
"one or more of X, Y, and Z" language can be construed as X only, Y only, Z
only, or any
combination of two or more items X, Y, and Z (e.g., XYZ, XYY, YZ, ZZ).
The term "about" can refer to a variation of 5%, 10%, 20%, or 25% of
the value specified.
For example, "about 50" percent can in some embodiments carry a variation from
45 to 55 percent.
For integer ranges, the term "about" can include one or two integers greater
than and/or less than
a recited integer at each end of the range. Unless indicated otherwise herein,
the term "about" is
intended to include values and ranges proximate to the recited range that are
equivalent in terms
of the functionality of the composition, or the embodiment.
As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes,
particularly in terms of
providing a written description, all ranges recited herein also encompass any
and all possible sub-
ranges and combinations of sub-ranges thereof, as well as the individual
values making up the
range, particularly integer values. A recited range includes each specific
value, integer, decimal,
or identity within the range. Any listed range can be easily recognized as
sufficiently describing
and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves,
thirds, quarters, fifths,
or tenths. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be
readily broken down into
a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc.
As will also be understood by one skilled in the art, all language such as "up
to", "at least", "greater
than", "less than", "more than", "or more", and the like, include the number
recited and such terms
refer to ranges that can be subsequently broken down into sub-ranges as
discussed above. In the
same manner, all ratios recited herein also include all sub-ratios falling
within the broader ratio.
-20-
Date Recue/Date Received 2021-10-01
