Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
CA 02891672 2015-02-24 1 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DERIVING TEMPORAL INTER-VIEW MOTION INFORMATION OF SUB-PREDICTION UNIT [TECHNICAL FIELD] [1] The present invention relates to apparatuses and methods of encoding/decoding 3D images, and more specifically, to image encoding/decoding methods and apparatuses that derive inter-view motion information in parallel according to sub prediction units. [2] [BACKGROUND ART] [3] Growing IT industry has spread HD (high definition) broadcast services worldwide and more and more users are getting used to HD images. [4] Accordingly, the users are demanding higher-quality and higher- resolution images and a number of organizations are spurring themselves to develop next-generation imaging devices to live up to such expectations. As a result, users may experience full HD (FHD) and ultra HD (UHD) supportive images. 151 Users demand goes one more step for 3D images that may offer a 3D feel or effects. Various organizations have developed 3D images to meet users' such demand. [6] However, 3D images include depth map information as well as a true image (texture), and thus, have more data than 2D images. Accordingly, encoding/decoding 3D images with existing image encoding/decoding processes cannot exhibit sufficient encoding/decoding efficiency. [71 [DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION] 81786209 2 [8] An aspect of the present disclosure is directed to the provision of a device and method for deriving motion information of a block targeted for encoding/decoding. 191 Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to the provision of a device and method for removing data dependency in deriving motion information of a block targeted for encoding/decoding. [10] Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to the provision of a device and method for increasing image encoding/decoding efficiency by removing data dependency in deriving motion information of a block targeted for encoding/decoding on a per-sub prediction unit basis. [11] Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to the provision of a device and method for increasing image encoding/decoding efficiency using motion information of a reference block when deriving motion information of a block targeted for encoding/decoding on a per-sub prediction unit basis. [12] According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of encoding an image, the method comprising: determining a prediction mode for a current block as an inter prediction mode; deriving motion information of the current block; and deriving a prediction sample for the current block based on the motion information of the current block, wherein the step of the deriving motion information of the current block comprises: determining whether a center sub prediction block corresponding to a center position of the current block within a reference block has motion information; deriving motion information of sub prediction blocks within the current block when the center sub prediction block within the reference block has motion information; and deriving motion information of the current block when the center sub prediction block within the reference block does not have motion information. [12a] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for encoding an image, the apparatus comprising: a storage module configured to determine a prediction mode for a current block as an inter prediction mode; and a deriving module configured to derive motion information of the current block and to derive a CA 2891672 2018-01-22 81786209 3 prediction sample for the current block based on the motion information of the current block, wherein the deriving module determines whether a center sub prediction block corresponding to a center position of the current block within a reference block has motion information, derives motion information of sub prediction blocks within the current block when the center sub prediction block within the reference block has motion information and derives motion information of the current block when the center sub prediction block within the reference block does not have motion information. 112131 According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of decoding an image, the method comprising: determining a prediction mode for a current block as an inter prediction mode; deriving motion information of the current block; and deriving a prediction sample for the current block based on the motion information of the current block, wherein the step of the deriving motion information of the current block comprises: determining whether a center sub prediction block corresponding to a center position of the current block within a reference block has motion information; deriving motion information of sub prediction blocks within the current block when the center sub prediction block within the reference block has motion information; and deriving motion information of the current block when the center sub prediction block within the reference block does not have motion information. [12c] According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for decoding an image, the apparatus comprising: a storage module configured to determine a prediction mode for a current block as an inter prediction mode; and a deriving module configured to derive motion information of the current block and to derive a prediction sample for the current block based on the motion information of the current block, wherein the deriving module determines whether a center sub prediction block corresponding .. to a center position of the current block within a reference block has motion information, derives motion information of sub prediction blocks within the current block when the center sub prediction block within the reference block has motion information and derives motion information of the current block when the center sub prediction block within the reference block does not have motion information. CA 2891672 2018-01-22 CA 02891672 2016-10-13 55978-2 4 [13] According to an embodiment of the present invention, there may be provided a method of encoding a three-dimensional (3D) image, the method comprising: determining a prediction mode for a current block as an inter prediction mode; determining whether a reference block corresponding to the current block in a .. reference picture has motion information; when the reference block has the motion information, deriving motion information on the current block for each sub prediction block in the current block; and deriving a prediction sample for the current block based on the motion information on the current block. [14] In some embodiments, the current block and the reference block may be prediction blocks. [15] In some embodiments, the motion information on the reference block may be positioned at a center of the reference block. [16] In some embodiments, in the step of the deriving the motion information on the current block for each sub prediction block in the current block, if a sub prediction block in the reference block corresponding to a sub prediction block in the current block has motion information, the motion information on the sub prediction block of the current block may be derived as the motion information present in the sub prediction block of the reference block. [17] In some embodiments, if a sub prediction block in the reference block corresponding to a sub prediction block in the current block has not motion information, the motion information on the sub prediction block of the current block may be derived as the motion information of the reference block. [18] According to another embodiment of the present invention, there may be provided an apparatus of encoding a three-dimensional (3D) image, the apparatus comprising: .. a storage module determining a prediction mode for a current block as an inter prediction mode and determining whether a reference block corresponding to the current block in a CA 02891672 2016-10-13 55978-2 reference picture has motion information; a deriving module, when the reference block has the motion information, deriving motion information on the current block for each sub prediction block in the current block and deriving a prediction sample for the current block based on the motion information on the current block. 5 [19] In some embodiments, the current block and the reference block may be prediction blocks. [20] In some embodiments, the motion information on the reference block may be positioned at a center of the reference block. [21] In some embodiments, in the deriving module, if a sub prediction block in the reference block corresponding to a sub prediction block in the current block has motion information, the motion information on the sub prediction block of the current block may be derived as the motion information present in the sub prediction block of the reference block. [22] In some embodiments, if a sub prediction block in the reference block corresponding to a sub prediction block in the current block has not motion information, the motion information on the sub prediction block of the current block may be derived as the motion information of the reference block. [23] According to still another embodiment of the present invention, there may be provided a method of decoding a three-dimensional (3D) image, the method comprising: determining a prediction mode for a current block as an inter prediction mode; determining whether a reference block corresponding to the current block in a reference picture has motion information; when the reference block has the motion information, deriving motion information on the current block for each sub prediction block in the current block; and deriving a prediction sample for the current block based on the motion information on the current block. [24] In some embodiments, the current block and the reference block may be prediction blocks. CA 02891672 2016-10-13 55978-2 6 [25] In some embodiments, the motion information on the reference block may be positioned at a center of the reference block. [26] In some embodiments, in the step of the deriving the motion information on the current block for each sub prediction block in the current block, if a sub prediction block in the reference block corresponding to a sub prediction block in the current block has motion information, the motion information on the sub prediction block of the current block may be derived as the motion information present in the sub prediction block of the reference block. [27] In some embodiments, if a sub prediction block in the reference block corresponding to a sub prediction block in the current block has not motion information, the motion infoiniation on the sub prediction block of the current block may be derived as the motion information of the reference block. [28] According to yet still another embodiment of the present invention, there may be provided an apparatus of decoding a three-dimensional (3D) image, the apparatus comprising: a storage module determining a prediction mode for a current block as an inter prediction mode and determining whether a reference block corresponding to the current block in a reference picture has motion information; and a deriving module, when the reference block has the motion information, deriving motion information on the current block for each sub prediction block in the current block and deriving a prediction sample for the current block based on the motion information on the current block. [29] In some embodiments, the current block and the reference block may be prediction blocks. [30] In some embodiments, the motion information on the reference block may be positioned at a center of the reference block. [31] In some embodiments, in the deriving module, if a sub prediction block in the reference block corresponding to a sub prediction block in the current block has motion information, the motion information on the sub prediction block of the current block may be derived as the motion information present in the sub prediction block of the reference block. CA 02891672 2016-10-13 55978-2 6a [32] In some embodiments, if a sub prediction block in the reference block corresponding to a sub prediction block in the current block has not motion information, the motion information on the sub prediction block of the current block may be derived as the motion information of the reference block. [33] [34] Some embodiments may derive motion information of a block targeted for encoding/decoding. [35] Some embodiments may remove data dependency in deriving motion information of a block targeted for encoding/decoding. [36] Some embodiments may increase image encoding/decoding efficiency by removing data dependency in deriving motion information of a block targeted for cncoding/decoding on a per-sub prediction unit basis. [37] Some embodiments may increase image encoding/decoding efficiency using motion information of a reference block by removing data dependency in deriving motion information of a block targeted for encoding/decoding on a per-sub prediction unit basis. [38] [BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS] [39] Fig. I is a view schematically illustrating a basic structure of a 3- dimensional (3D) image system. [40] Fig. 2 is a view illustrating an example of a "balloons" image and an example of a depth information map image. [41] Fig. 3 is a view schematically illustrating a structure in which an image is split upon encoding and decoding the image. [42] Fig. 4 illustrates prediction units that may be included in a coding unit (CU). 1431 Fig. 5 illustrates an example of an inter view prediction structure in a 3D image CA 02891672 2015-02-24 7 codec. [44] Fig. 6 illustrates an example of a process of encoding and/or decoding a true image (texture view) and a dcpth information map (depth view) in a 3D image encoder and/or decoder. [45] Fig. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an image encoder according to an embodiment of the present invention. [46] Fig. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an image decoder according to an embodiment of the present invention. [47] Fig. 9 is a view illustrating an exemplary prediction structure for a 3D image codec. 1481 Fig. 10 illustrates an example in which neighboring blocks are used to configure a merge candidate list for a current block. 1491 Fig. 11 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of deriving motion information on a current block using motion information at a neighboring view. [501 Fig. 12 is a view illustrating an example in which one prediction unit (PU) is split into several sub prediction units. [51] Fig. 13 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of deriving motion information on a current block using a reference block. [52] Fig. 14 is a view illustrating an exemplary reference block used to derive motion information on a current block. [53] Figs. 15a to 15e are views schematically illustrating an exemplary process of deriving motion information using motion information stored in a storage space. [54] Figs. 16a to 16g are views schematically illustrating another exemplary process CA 02891672 2016-10-13 55978-2 8 of deriving motion information using motion information stored in a storage space. [55] Fig. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a method of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using a sub prediction unit of a reference block, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [56] Fig. 18 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of deriving in parallel information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using a sub prediction unit of a reference block. [57] Fig. 19 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of discovering an available sub prediction unit when the available sub prediction unit is positioned at the rightmost and .. lowermost end of a reference block. [58] Fig. 20 is a view schematically illustrating times required to derive motion information on a per-sub prediction unit basis. [59] Fig. 21 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an inter prediction module to which an embodiment of the present invention applies. [60] Fig. 22 is a flowchart schematically illustrating a method of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using a reference block, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [61] Fig. 23 is a flowchart schematically illustrating a method of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block, according to another embodiment of the present invention. [62] Fig. 24 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using motion information at a position. [63] Fig. 25 is a flowchart illustrating a method of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using a motion information value according to another embodiment of the present invention. CA 02891672 2016-10-13 55978-2 9 [64] Fig. 26 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using some motion information. [65] Fig. 27 is a view schematically illustrating times required to derive motion information according to an embodiment of the present invention. [66] [DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS] [67] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. When determined to make the subject matter of the present disclosure unclear, a detailed description of relevant know configurations or functions are omitted. [68] When a component is "connected to" or "coupled to" another component, the component may be directly connected or coupled to the other component, or other components may intervene. As used herein, the present invention "includes" or "comprises" a , particular component, the present invention does not exclude other components, and rather additional components may also be included in the technical spirit of the present invention or embodiments of the present invention. [69] The terms "first" and "second" may be used to describe various components, but the components are not limited by the terms. These terms are used only to distinguish one component from another. For example, without departing from the scope of the present invention, a first component may be denoted a second component, and a second component may be denoted a first component. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 1701 The components as used herein may be independently shown to represent their respective distinct features, but this does not mean that each component should be configured as a separate hardware or software unit. In other words, the components are shown separately from each other for ease of description. At least two of the components may be combined to 5 configure a single component, or each component may be split into a plurality of components to perform a function. Such combination or separation also belongs to the scope of the present invention without departing from the gist of the present invention. [71] Some components may be optional components for enhancing performance rather than inevitable components for performing essential functions of the present invention. 10 The present invention may be implemented only with essential components to realize the gist of the present invention excluding components used to enhance performance, and such configuration also belongs to the scope of the present invention. [72] [73] A 3D image offers a stereoscopic effect through a 3D stereoscopic display as if the user sees and feels in the real-life world. In this connection, a joint standardization group, JCT-3V(The Joint Collaborative Team on 3D Image Coding Extension Development), of MPEG(Moving Picture Experts Group) in ISO/IEC and VCEG(Video Coding Experts Group) in ITU-T are underway for 3D image standardization. [741 [75] Fig. 1 is a view schematically illustrating a basic structure of a 3- dimensional (3D) image system. [76] Referring to Fig. 1, the 3D video (3VD) system may include a sender and a receiver. In this case, the 3D video system of Fig. I may be a basic 3D video system as CA 02891672 2015-02-24 11 considered in 3D image standards that may include standards regarding advanced data formats and their related technologies that may support playback of autostereoscopic images as well as stereoscopic images using a texture and its corresponding depth information map. [77] The sender may generate a multi-view image content. Specifically, the sender may generate image information using a stereo camera and a multi-view camera and a depth information map (or depth view) using a depth information camera. The sender may convert a 2D image into a 3D image using a transforming device. The sender may generate an N (>2)-view (i.e., multi-view) image content using the generated image information and the depth information map. In this case, the N-view image content may contain N-view image information, its depth map information, and camera-related additional information. The N-view image content may be compressed by a 3D image encoder using a multi-view image encoding scheme, and the compressed image content (a bit stream) may be transmitted through a network to a terminal of the receiver. [781 The receiver may decode the image content received from the sender and may provide the multi-view image. Specifically, an image decoder (e.g., a 3D image decoder, a stereo image decoder, or a 2D image decoder) of the receiver may decode the received bit stream using a multi-view image decoding scheme to restore the bit stream into the N-view image. In this case, it may generate N (or more)-view virtual view images using the restored N-view image and a depth image-based rendering (DIBR) process. The generated N (or more)-view virtual view images are played by various 3D displays (e.g., an N-view display, a stereo display, or a 2D display), providing the user with a 3D effect. [79] [80] Fig. 2 is a view illustrating an example of a "balloons" image and an example of CA 02891672 2015-02-24 12 a depth information map image. [81] Fig. 2(a) illustrates a "balloons" image that is adopted in an MPEG (an international standardization organization) 3D image encoding standard. Fig. 2(b) illustrates a depth information map image corresponding to the "balloons" image shown in Fig. 2(a). The depth information map image is the one obtained by representing depth information shown on the screen in eight bits per pixel. [82] The depth information map is used for generating virtual view images, and the depth information map is the one obtained by representing the distance between a camera and a true object in the real-life world (depth information corresponding to each pixel at the same resolution as the texture) in a predetermined number of bits. In this case, the depth information map may be obtained using the depth information map camera or using a true common image (texture). [83] The depth information map obtained using the depth information map camera offers high-reliable depth information primarily for a standstill object or scene, but the depth information map camera operates only within a predetermined distance. In this case, the depth information map camera may utilize a measuring scheme using a laser beam or structured light or based on time-of-flight of light (TFL). [84] The depth information map may be generated using a true common image (texture) and a disparity vector as well. The disparity vector means information representing the difference in view between two common images. The disparity vector may be obtained by comparing a pixel at the current view and pixels at other views to discover the most similar one to the current view pixel and measuring the distance between the current view pixel and the most similar pixel. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 , 13 [85] The texture and its depth information map may be an image(s) obtained by one or more cameras. The images obtained by several cameras may be independently encoded and may be encoded/decoded using a typical 2D encoding/decoding codec. The images obtained by several cameras have a correlation between their views, and for higher encoding efficiency, may be thus encoded using prediction between the different views. [86] [87] Fig. 3 is a view schematically illustrating a structure in which an image is split upon encoding and decoding the image. [88] For efficient splitting, an image may be encoded and decoded for each coding unit (CU). The term "unit" refers to a block including a syntax element and image samples. A "unit is split" may mean that a block corresponding to the unit is split. [89] Referring to Fig. 3, an image 300 is sequentially split into largest coding units (LCU), and the split structure of each LCU is determined. As used herein, "LCU" may mean a coding tree unit (CTU). The split structure may mean a distribution of coding units (CU) for efficiently encoding the image in each LCU 310, and such distribution may be determined depending on whether to split one CU into four CUs each reduced in size by 1/2 the size of the CU in horizontal and vertical directions each. In the same manner, the split CU may be recursively split into four CUs each's size reduced to 1/2 thereof in horizontal and vertical directions each. [90] In this case, the splitting of a CU may be recursively performed to a predetermined depth. Depth information refers to information indicating the size of a CU and may be stored for each CU. For example, the depth of an LCU may be 0, and the depth of a smallest coding unit (SCU) may be a predetermined largest depth. Here, the LCU is a coding unit CA 02891672 2015-02-24 14 with the largest size as mentioned above, and the SCU is a coding unit with the smallest size. 1911 Whenever an LCU 310 is split by half in horizontal and vertical directions each, the depth of the CU is increased by one. For example, if the size of a CU is 2Nx2N at a certain depth L, the CU, if not split, has a size of 2Nx2N, and if split, its size is reduced to NxN. In this case, the depth of the NxN-sized CU turns L+1. In other words, N, corresponding to the size of the CU, is reduced by half each time the depth is increased by one. 1921 Referring to Fig. 3, the size of an LCU with a smallest depth of 0 may be 64x64 pixels, and the size of an SCU with a smallest depth of 3 may be 8x8 pixels. In this case, the depth of a CU (LCU) with 64x64 pixels may be represented as 0, a CU with 32x32 pixels as 1, a CU with 16x16 pixels as 2, and a CU (SCU) with 8x8 pixels as 3. 1931 Further, information as to whether to split a particular CU may be represented through one-bit split information of the CU. The split information may be contained in all other CUs than SCUs. For example, if a CU is not split, 0 may be retained in the split information of the CU, and if split, 1 may be retained in the split information of the CU. 1941 1951 Fig. 4 illustrates prediction units that may be included in a coding unit (CU). [961 Among the CUs split from an LCU, a CU that is subjected to no further splitting may be split or partitioned into one more prediction units. 1971 A prediction unit (hereinafter, "PU") is a basic unit in which prediction is conducted. A prediction unit is encoded and decoded in skip mode, inter mode, or intra mode. A prediction unit may be partitioned in various manners depending on the modes. 1981 Referring to Fig. 4, the skip mode may support a 2Nx2N mode 410 having the same size as a CU without splitting the CU. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 . , [99] The inter mode may support eight partitioned types for a CU, for example, a 2Nx2N mode 410, a 2NxN mode 415, an Nx2N mode 420, an NxN mode 425, a 2NxnU mode 430, a 2NxnD mode 435, an nLx2N mode 440, and an NRx2N mode 445. [100] The intra mode may support a 2Nx2N mode 410 and an NxN mode 425 for a 5 CU. [101] [1021 Fig. 5 illustrates an example of an inter view prediction structure in a 3D image codec. [103] Inter-view prediction for view 1 and view 2 may be conducted using view 0 as a 10 reference image, and view 0 should be encoded earlier than view 1 and view 2. [104] In this case, view 0 may be encoded independently from other views, and thus, view 0 is referred to as an independent view. In contrast, view 1 and view 2 that should use view 0 as reference image are referred to as dependent views. An independent view image may be encoded using a typical 2D image codec. On the contrary, dependent view images need go 15 through inter view prediction, and thus, these views may be encoded using a 3D image codec equipped with an inter view prediction process. [105] For increased encoded efficiency, view 1 and view 2 may be encoded using a depth information map. For example, a texture and a depth information map, when encoded, may be encoded and/or decoded independently from each other. Or, a texture and a depth information map, when encoded, may be encoded and/or decoded dependently upon each other as shown in Fig. 6. [106] [107] Fig. 6 illustrates an example of a process of encoding and/or decoding a true CA 02891672 2015-02-24 16 image (texture view) and a depth information map (depth view) in a 3D image encoder and/or decoder. [108] Referring to Fig. 6, the 3D image encoder may include a texture encoder (texture encoder) for encoding a true image (texture view) and a depth information map encoder (depth encoder) for encoding a depth information map (depth view). [109] In this case, the texture encoder may encode the texture using the depth information map encoded by the depth information map encoder. In contrast, the depth information map encoder may encode the depth information map using the texture encoded by the texture encoder. [110] The 3D image decoder may include a true image decoder (texture decoder) for decoding a texture and a depth information map decoder for decoding a depth information map. [111] In this case, the texture decoder may decode the texture using the depth information map decoded by the depth information map decoder. In contrast, the depth information map decoder may decode the depth information map using the texture decoded by the texture decoder. [112] [113] Fig. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an image encoder according to an embodiment of the present invention. [114] Fig. 7 illustrates an example image encoder applicable to a multi- view structure that may be implemented by extending a single view-structured image encoder. In this case, the image encoder of Fig. 7 may be used in a texture encoder and/or depth information map encoder as shown in Fig. 6, and the encoder may mean an encoding device. 1115] Referring to Fig. 7, the image encoder 700 includes an inter prediction module CA 02891672 2015-02-24 17 710, an intra prediction module 720, a switch 715, a subtractor 725, a transform module 730, a quantization module 740, an entropy encoding unit 750, an dequantization module 760, an inverse transform module 770, an adder 775, a filter 780, and a reference picture buffer 790. [116] The image encoder 700 may perform encoding on an input image in intra mode or inter mode to output a bitstream. [117] Intra prediction means intra picture prediction, and inter prediction means inter picture or inter view prediction. In intra mode, the switch 715 switches to intra mode, and in inter mode, the switch 715 switches to inter mode. [118] The image encoder 700 may generate a prediction block for a block (current block) of the input picture and then encode a differential between the current block and the prediction block. [119] In intra mode, the intra prediction module 720 may use as its reference pixel a pixel value of an already encoded neighboring block of the current block. The intra prediction module 720 may generate prediction samples for the current block using the reference pixel. [120] In inter mode, the inter prediction module 710 may obtain a motion vector specifying a reference block corresponding to the input block (current block) in a reference picture stored in the reference picture buffer 790. The inter prediction module 710 may generate the prediction block for the current block by performing motion compensation using the reference picture stored in the reference picture buffer 790 and the motion vector. [121] In a multi-view structure, inter prediction applying to inter mode may include inter view prediction. The inter prediction module 710 may configure an inter view reference picture by sampling a reference view picture. The inter prediction module 710 may conduct inter view prediction using a reference picture list including the inter view reference picture. A CA 02891672 2015-02-24 = . 18 reference relation between views may be signaled through information specifying inter view dependency. 11221 Meanwhile, in case the current view picture and the reference view picture have the same size, sampling applying to the reference view picture may mean generation of a reference sample by sample copying or interpolation from the reference view picture. In case the current view picture and the reference view picture have different sizes, sampling applying to the reference view picture may mean upsampling or downsampling. For example, in case views have different resolutions, a restored picture of the reference view may be upsampled to configure an inter view reference picture. [123] Which view picture is to be used to configure an inter view reference picture may be determined considering, e.g., encoding costs. The encoder may send to a decoding device information specifying a view to which a picture to be used as an inter view reference picture belongs. [124] A picture used to predict the current block in a view referenced in inter view prediction--that is, reference view--may be the same as a picture of the same access unit (AU) as the current picture (picture targeted for prediction in the current view). [125] The subtractor 725 may generate a residual block (residual signal) by a differential between the current block and the prediction block. [126] The transform module 730 transforms the residual block into a transform coefficient. In transform skip mode, the transform module 730 may skip the conversion of the residual block. 11271 The quantization module 740 quantizes the transform coefficient into a quantized coefficient according to quantization parameters. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 19 [128] The entropy encoding unit 750 entropy-encodes the values obtained by the quantization module 740 or encoding parameters obtained in the course of encoding into a bitstream according to a probability distribution. The entropy encoding unit 750 may also entropy-encode information (e.g., syntax element) for image decoding in addition to the pixel information of the image. 1129] The encoding parameters may include, as information necessary for encoding and decoding, information inferable in the course of encoding or decoding, as well as information such as syntax element encoded by the encoder and transferred to the decoding device. [130] The residual signal may mean a difference between the original signal and the prediction signal, a signal obtained by transforming the difference between the original signal and the prediction signal, or a signal obtained by transforming the difference between the original signal and the prediction signal and quantizing the transformed difference. From a block perspective, the residual signal may be denoted a residual block. [131] In case entropy encoding applies, symbols may be represented in such a way that a symbol with a higher chance of occurrence is assigned fewer bits while another with a lower chance of occurrence is assigned more bits, and accordingly, the size of a bitstream for symbols targeted for encoding may be reduced. As such, image encoding may have an increased compression capability through entropy encoding. 1132] Entropy encoding may employ an encoding scheme such as exponential Golomb, context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC), or context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC). For example, the entropy encoding unit 750 may perform entropy encoding using a variable length coding/code (VLC) table. The entropy encoding unit 750 may CA 02891672 2015-02-24 derive a binarization method and a target symbol and a probability model of the target symbol/bin and may perform entropy encoding using the derived binarization method and probability model. [133] The quantized coefficient may be inverse-quantized by the dequantization 5 module 760 and may be inverse transformed by the inverse transform module 770. The inverse- quantized and inverse-transformed coefficient is added to the prediction block by the adder 775, thus producing a restored block. 1134] The restored block goes through the filter 780. The filter 780 may apply at least one or more of a deblocking filter, a sample adaptive offset (SAO), and an adaptive loop 10 filter (ALF) to the restored block or restored picture. The restored block, after having gone through the filter 780, may be stored in the reference picture buffer 790. 11351 [136] Fig. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an image decoder according to an embodiment of the present invention. 15 [137] Fig. 8 illustrates an example image decoder applicable to a multi-view structure that may be implemented by extending a single view-structured image decoder. [138] In this case, the image decoder of Fig. 8 may be used in a texture decoder and/or depth information map decoder as shown in Fig. 6. For ease of description, as used herein, the terms "decrypting" and "decoding" may be interchangeably used, or the terms "decoding device" 20 and "decoder" may be interchangeably used. [139] Referring to Fig. 8, the image decoder 800 includes an entropy decoding unit 810, an dequantization module 820, an inverse-transform module 830, an intra prediction module 840, an inter prediction module 850, a filter 860, and a reference picture buffer 870. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 21 [140] The image decoder 800 may receive the bitstream from the encoder, decode the bitstream in intra mode or inter mode, and output a reconstructed image, i.e., a reconstructed image. [141] In intra mode, the switch may switch to intra prediction, and in inter mode, the switch may switch to inter prediction. [142] The image decoder 800 may obtain a residual block restored from the received bitstream, generate a prediction block, and add the restored residual block and the prediction block to generate a reconstructed block, i.e. restored block. [143] The entropy decoding unit 810 may entropy-decode the received bitstream according to a probability distribution into information such as a quantized coefficient and syntax element. [144] The quantized coefficient is inverse-quantized by the dequantization module 820 and is inverse transformed by the inverse transform module 830. The quantized coefficient may be inverse-quantized/inverse-transformed into a restored residual block. [145] In intra mode, the intra prediction module 840 may generate a prediction block for the current block using a pixel value of an already encoded neighboring block of the current block. 11461 In inter mode, the inter prediction module 850 may generate the prediction block for the current block by performing motion compensation using the reference picture stored in the reference picture buffer 870 and the motion vector. [147] In a multi-view structure, inter prediction applying to inter mode may include inter view prediction. The inter prediction module 850 may configure an inter view reference picture by sampling a reference view picture. The inter prediction module 850 may conduct inter CA 02891672 2015-02-24 = . 22 view prediction using a reference picture list including the inter view reference picture. A reference relation between views may be signaled through information specifying inter view dependency. [148] Meanwhile, in case the current view picture (current picture) and the reference view picture have the same size, sampling applying to the reference view picture may mean generation of a reference sample by sample copying or interpolation from the reference view picture. In case the current view picture and the reference view picture have different sizes, sampling applying to the reference view picture may mean upsampling or downsampling. [149] For example, in case inter view prediction applies to views with different resolutions, a restored picture of the reference view may be upsampled to configure an inter view reference picture. [150] In this case, information specifying a view to which a picture to be used as an inter view reference picture belongs may be transmitted from the encoder to the decoder. 1151] A picture used to predict the current block in a view referenced in inter view prediction--that is, reference view--may be the same as a picture of the same access unit (AU) as the current picture (picture targeted for prediction in the current view). [152] The restored residual block and the prediction block are added by the adder 855 into a restored block. In other words, the residual sample and the prediction sample are added to each other into a restored sample or restored picture. [153] The restored picture is filtered by the filter 860. The filter 860 may apply at least one or more of a deblocking filter, an SAO, and an ALF to the restored block or restored picture. The filter 860 outputs a reconstructed (modified) or filtered restored picture (reconstructed picture). The reconstructed image is stored in the reference picture buffer 870 for use in inter CA 02891672 2015-02-24 , . 23 prediction. [154] Although in the embodiment described in connection with Figs. 7 and 8 the modules perform their respective functions different from each other, the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, one module may perform two or more functions. For example, the respective operations of the intra prediction module and the inter prediction modules as shown in Figs. 7 and 8 may be carried out by one module (a predicting unit). [155] Meanwhile, as described above in connection with Figs. 7 and 8, one encoder/decoder performs encoding/decoding on all of the multiple views. However, this is merely for ease of description, and separate encoders/decoders may be configured for the multiple views, respectively. [156] In such case, the encoder/decoder for the current view may perform encoding/decoding on the current view using information regarding other view. For example, the predicting unit (inter prediction module) for the current view may perform intra prediction or inter prediction on the current block using the pixel information or restored picture information .. of other view. 11571 Although inter view prediction is described herein, a current layer may be encoded/decoded using information on other view regardless of whether an encoder/decoder is configured for each view or one device processes multiple views. 11581 The description of views according to the present invention may apply likewise to layers supportive to scalability. For example, the view as described herein may be a layer. [159] [160] Fig. 9 is a view illustrating an exemplary prediction structure for a 3D image codec. For ease of description, Fig. 9 illustrates a prediction structure for encoding textures CA 02891672 2015-02-24 24 obtained by three cameras and depth information maps respectively corresponding to the textures. [1611 As shown in Fig. 9, the three textures respectively obtained from the three cameras are denoted TO, TI, and T2 according to views, and the three depth information maps respectively corresponding to the three textures are denoted DO, D1, and D2 according to the views. Here, TO and DO are images obtained at view 0, TI and D1 at view 1, and 12 and D2 at view 2. In this case, the squares shown in Fig. 9 are images (pictures). 11621 The images (pictures) are classified into I pictures (intra pictures), P pictures (uni-prediction pictures), and B pictures (bi-prediction pictures) depending on encoding/decoding types, and each picture may be encoded/decoded depending on its encoding/decoding type. For I pictures, images themselves are encoded without going through inter prediction. For P pictures, only uni-directionally present reference images may be subjected to inter prediction, and for B pictures, bi-directionally present reference images may be subjected to inter prediction. In this case, the arrows shown in Fig. 9 denote directions of .. prediction. In other words, a texture and its depth information map may be co-dependently encoded/decoded depending on prediction directions. [1631 [1641 Motion information on the current block is needed to encode/decode an image through inter prediction. To infer the motion information on the current block, the following may come in use: a method using motion information on a block adjacent to the current block, a method using a temporal correlation within the same time, and a method using an inter-view correlation at a neighboring time. The above-described inter prediction methods may be used in combination for one picture. Here, the current block refers to a block where prediction is CA 02891672 2015-02-24 performed. The motion information may mean a motion vector, a reference image number, and/or a prediction direction (e.g., whether it is uni-directional prediction or bi-directional prediction, whether it uses a temporal correlation, or whether an inter-view correlation is used, etc.). 5 [165] In this case, the prediction direction may be typically classified into uni- directional prediction or bi-directional prediction depending on whether a reference picture list (RefPicList) is used or not. The bi-directional prediction is classified into forward prediction (Pred_LO: Prediction LO) using a forward reference picture list (LIST 0, LO) and backward prediction (Pred_L 1 : Prediction Li) using a backward reference picture list (LIST 1, Li). 10 Further, the bi-directional prediction Pred_BI: Prediction BI) using both the forward reference picture list (LIST 0) and the backward reference picture list (LIST 1) may indicate that there is both forward prediction and backward prediction. Even the case where the forward reference picture list (LIST 0) is copied to the backward reference picture list (LIST 1) so that two processes of forward prediction are present may also belong to the category of bi-directional 15 prediction. [166] A prediction direction may be defined using predFlagLO and predFlagL I. In this case, predFlagLO is an indicator indicating whether the forward reference picture list (List 0) is used, and predFlagl is an indicator indicating whether the backward reference picture list (List 1) is used. For example, in the case of uni-directional prediction and forward prediction, 20 predFlagLO may be '1', and predFlagL1 may be '0'; in the case of uni- directional prediction and backward prediction, predFlagLO and predFlagL1 '1';' and in the case of bi-directional prediction, predFlagLO '1,' and predFlagL1 '1.' [167] CA 02891672 2015-02-24 26 1168] Fig. 10 illustrates an example in which neighboring blocks are used to configure a merge candidate list for a current block. [169] Merge mode is a method for performing inter prediction. Merge mode may employ motion information on neighboring blocks of a current block as motion information on the current block (for example, at least one of a motion vector, a reference picture list, and a reference picture index). In this case, the use of the motion information on the neighboring blocks as motion information on the current block is referred to as merging, motion merging, or merging motion. [170] In merge mode, per-coding unit (CU) merging motion and per-prediction unit (PU) merging motion are possible. [171] The case where merging motion is made on a per-block (e.g., CU or PU) basis (for ease of description, hereinafter "block'') requires information regarding whether the merging motion is performed per block partition and information regarding which one of neighboring blocks of the current block the merging motion is done with. 1172] A merge candidate list may be configured to perform merging motion. 11731 The merge candidate list refers to a list of pieces of motion information, and this may be generated before merge mode is performed. Here, the motion information of the merge candidate list may be motion information on the neighboring blocks of the current block or motion information newly created by combining the pieces of motion information already present in the merge candidate list. The motion information on the neighboring blocks (for example, a motion vector and/or reference picture index) may be motion information specified by the neighboring blocks or motion information stored in the neighboring blocks (or used to decode the neighboring blocks). CA 02891672 2015-02-24 27 [1741 In this case, the neighboring blocks, as shown in Fig. 10, may include neighboring blocks A, B, C, D and E positioned spatially adjacent to the current block and a co- located candidate block H or M temporally corresponding to the current block. The co-located candidate block refers to a block located at a corresponding position in a co- located picture .. temporally corresponding to the current picture including the current block. If the H block is available in the co-located picture, the H block may be determined as the co- located candidate block, and if unavailable, the M block in the co-located picture may be determined as the co- located candidate block. [1751 Upon configuring the merge candidate list, it is determined whether the motion information on the neighboring blocks (A, B, C, D, and E) and the co-located candidate block (H or M) may be used as merge candidate to configure the merge candidate list of the current block. In other words, motion information on blocks available for inter prediction of the current block may be added to the merge candidate list as merge candidate. 11761 For example, as a method for configuring a merge candidate list for an X block, 1) in case a neighboring block A is available, the neighboring block A is added to the merge candidate list. 2) thereafter, only when the motion information on neighboring block B is not the same as the motion information on neighboring block A, neighboring block B is added to the merge candidate list. 3) in the same manner, only when the motion information on neighboring block C differs from the motion information on neighboring block B, neighboring block C is added to the merge candidate list, and 4) only when the motion information on neighboring block D differs from the motion information on neighboring block C, neighboring block D is added to the merge candidate list. Further, 5) only when the motion information on neighboring block E is different from the motion information on neighboring block D, neighboring block E may be CA 02891672 2015-02-24 , 28 added to the merge candidate list, and 6) finally, neighboring block H (or M) is added to the merge candidate list. In sum, the neighboring blocks may be added to the merge candidate list in the order of A---4:1¨*C--D¨>E--H(or M). Here, the same motion information may mean using the same motion vector, the same reference picture, and the same prediction direction (uni- directional or bi-directional). [177] The phrases "adding a neighboring block to a merge candidate list as merge candidate" and "adding motion information to a merge candidate list as merge candidate" are mixed up herein for ease of description, although the two phrases are substantially the same in meaning. For example, a neighboring block as merge candidate may mean motion information on the block. 11781 Fig. 11 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of deriving motion information on a current block using motion information at a neighboring view. [179] In connection with Fig. 11, only one view is used to derive the motion information on the current block merely for case of description. However, there may be two or more neighboring views. 11801 Referring to Fig. 11, a 3D video system may use motion information at a neighboring view in order to efficiently encode/decode motion information. Specifically, the current block shown in Fig. 11 (the block at current location X) searches a target block (reference location XR) located at a neighboring view in order to derive the motion information on the current block. In this case, the target block at the neighboring view means a block corresponding to the current block. Since only a difference in current picture between the current view and the reference view lies in the position of cameras, the target block at the neighboring view may be derived from the disparity vector (DV) as described above. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 29 [181] 11821 Fig. 12 is a view illustrating an example in which one prediction unit (PU) is split into several sub prediction units. [183] In the example illustrated in Fig. 12, a prediction unit with a size of 64x64 is divided into sub prediction units each with a size of 8x8. For ease of description in connection with Fig. 12, the size of the prediction unit is 64x64, but without limited thereto, the size may be 32x32, 16x16, 8x8, or 4x4. In a 3D video system, one prediction unit may be split into a number of sub prediction units. In this case, derivation of motion information using a disparity vector is carried out on a per-sub prediction unit basis. The sub prediction unit may have a predetermined size (e.g., 4x4, 8x8, or 16x16), and the size of the sub prediction unit may be designated upon encoding. Information on the size of the sub prediction unit may be included and signaled in an image parameter set (VPS) extension syntax. [184] [185] Fig. 13 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of deriving motion information on a current block using a reference block. [186] The process of deriving motion information on a current block means setting up the motion information present in the reference block with the motion information on the current block. However, a 3D video system may derive motion information on a per-sub prediction unit basis for the current block X positioned in the current picture at the current view in order to efficiently encode/decode motion information. [1871 In other words, the 3D video system may set the motion information present in the sub prediction unit of the reference block XR to the motion information on the sub prediction unit of the current block X. In this case, the reference block XR may mean a reference block XR CA 02891672 2015-02-24 positioned in the current picture at the reference view. A specific process of deriving motion information is described below. 1188] 11891 Fig. 14 is a view illustrating an exemplary reference block used to derive motion 5 information on a current block. 11901 Referring to Fig. 14, the reference block may mean a PU, and one reference block may include a total of 16 sub prediction units. In this case, motion information on each sub prediction unit in the current block may be derived from motion information present in the sub prediction units of the reference block. 10 [1911 Now described is a method of deriving motion information on sub prediction units of a current block using a reference block with reference to Figs. 15a to 15e and Figs. 16a to 16g. 1192] 11931 Figs. 15a to 15e are views schematically illustrating an exemplary process of 15 deriving motion information using motion information stored in a storage space. In this case, the reference block used in Figs. 15a to 15e may be a reference block as shown in Fig. 14. 11941 When the sub prediction unit of the current block brings the mi on the sub prediction units of the reference block, all of the sub prediction unit of the reference block do not have motion information. In other words, there might be some sub prediction units of the 20 reference block from which motion information cannot be brought up. Accordingly, in case there are sub prediction units from which motion information cannot be obtained, the ml on a previous or subsequent sub prediction unit of the currently referenced sub prediction unit may be put to use in order to make up for failure to derive motion information from the sub prediction unit of CA 02891672 2015-02-24 31 the current block. For example, the motion information on a sub prediction unit available in the reference block may be previously stored in preparation for the case where there is some other sub prediction unit of the reference block from which motion information cannot be derived, so that the previously stored motion information may be inserted into the sub prediction unit of the current block to derive the motion information on the current block. 11951 For a better understanding of the above-described method, each step of an exemplary method for deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block when a first sub prediction unit of a reference block has its motion information while a second or its subsequent sub prediction units of the reference block may not is described below with reference to the drawings. 11961 11971 Fig. 15a is a view illustrating the initial state of sub prediction units of a current block and a storage space. 1198] Referring to Fig. 15a, Ref denotes a reference block, and Ref 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively denote sub prediction units in the reference block. That is, Ref 0 means sub prediction unit 0 of the reference block (a first sub prediction unit of the reference block), Ref 1 sub prediction unit 1 of the reference block (a second sub prediction unit of the reference block), Ref 2 sub prediction unit 2 of the reference block (a third sub prediction unit of the reference block), and Ref 3 sub prediction unit 3 of the reference block (a fourth sub prediction unit of the reference block). Cur denotes the current block, and Cur 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively denote sub prediction units in the current block. That is, Cur 0 means sub prediction unit 0 of the current block (a first sub prediction unit of the current block), Cur 1 sub prediction unit 1 of the current block (a second sub prediction unit of the current block), Cur 2 sub prediction unit 2 of the CA 02891672 2015-02-24 32 current block (a third sub prediction unit of the current block), and Cur 3 sub prediction unit 3 (a fourth sub prediction unit of the current block). 11991 In this case, 'X marked in Ref 2 of Fig. 15a denotes motion information being impossible to derive using sub prediction unit 2 of the reference block. 12001 12011 Fig. 15b shows a first step of deriving motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block. [2021 Referring to Fig. 15b, motion information is derived from sub prediction unit 0 of the reference block for sub prediction unit 0 of the current block. In this case, since motion information may be derived from sub prediction unit 0 of the reference block, motion information on sub prediction unit 0 of the reference block is stored in the storage space. In this case, the motion information stored in the storage space may be defined as motion information 0, which is used when motion information cannot be derived from some other sub prediction units of the reference block. [2031 [2041 Fig. 15c shows a second step of deriving motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block. [2051 Referring to Fig. 15c, motion information is derived from sub prediction unit 1 of the reference block for sub prediction unit 1 of the current block. In this case, since motion information may be derived from sub prediction unit 1 of the reference block, motion information on sub prediction unit 1 of the reference block is stored in the storage space. In this case, the stored motion information on sub prediction unit 1 may be defined as motion information 1, and motion information 1 may be stored in the storage space instead of motion CA 02891672 2015-02-24 . , 33 information 0. Motion information 1 may be used when motion information cannot be derived from some other sub prediction unit of the reference block. [206] [207] Fig. 15d shows a third step of deriving motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block. [208] Referring to Fig. 15d, an attempt is made to derive motion information from sub prediction unit 2 of the reference block for sub prediction unit 2 of the current block. However, since no motion information can be derived from sub prediction unit 2 of the reference block, motion information on sub prediction unit 2 of the current block is derived from the motion information stored in the storage space. In this case, the motion information stored in the storage space may be motion information 1. [209] 12101 Fig. 15e shows a fourth step of deriving motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block. [211] Referring to Fig. 15e, motion information is derived from sub prediction unit 3 of the reference block for sub prediction unit 3 of the current block. In this case, since motion information may be derived from sub prediction unit 3 of the reference block, motion information on sub prediction unit 3 of the reference block is stored in the storage space. In this case, the stored motion information on sub prediction unit 3 may be defined as motion information 3, and motion information 3 may be stored in the storage space instead of motion information 1. Motion information 3 may be used when motion information cannot be derived from some other sub prediction unit of the reference block. 12121 CA 02891672 2015-02-24 34 [213] Figs. 16a to 16g are views schematically illustrating another exemplary process of deriving motion information using motion information stored in a storage space. [214] Figs. 16a to 16g illustrate an exemplary process of deriving motion information in the case where a sub prediction unit of the reference block comes from which motion information cannot be derived, followed by another sub prediction unit of the reference block from which motion information can be derived. [215] [216] Fig. 16a is a view illustrating the initial state of sub prediction units of a current block and a storage space. [217] Referring to Fig. 16a, Ref denotes a reference block, and Ref 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively denote sub prediction units in the reference block. That is, Ref 0 means sub prediction unit 0 of the reference block, Ref 1 sub prediction unit 1 of the reference block, Ref 2 sub prediction unit 2 of the reference block, and Ref 3 sub prediction unit 3 of the reference block. Cur denotes the current block, and Cur 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively denote sub prediction units in the current block. That is, Cur 0 means sub prediction unit 0 of the current block, Cur 1 sub prediction unit 1 of the current block, Cur 2 sub prediction unit 2 of the current block, and Cur 3 sub prediction unit 3 of the current block, in this case, 'X' marked in Ref 0 of Fig. 16a denotes motion information being impossible to derive using sub prediction unit 0 of the reference block and sub prediction unit I of the reference block. [218] [219] Fig. 16b shows a first step of deriving motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block. [220] Referring to Fig. 16b, an attempt is made to derive motion information from sub CA 02891672 2015-02-24 . . prediction unit 0 of the reference block for sub prediction unit 0 of the current block. However, as described above, no motion information can be derived from sub prediction unit 0 of the reference block, nor is there motion information stored in the storage space. Accordingly, a second step is performed. 5 [221] [222] Fig. 16c shows a second step of deriving motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block. [223] Referring to Fig. 16c, an attempt is made to derive motion information from sub prediction unit 1 of the reference block for sub prediction unit 1 of the current block. However, 10 as described above, no motion information can be derived from sub prediction unit 1 of the reference block, nor is there motion information stored in the storage space. Accordingly, a third step is performed. [224] [2251 Fig. 16d shows a third step of deriving motion information from a sub prediction 15 unit of the reference block. [226] Referring to Fig. 16d, motion information is derived from sub prediction unit 2 of the reference block for sub prediction unit 2 of the current block. In this case, since motion information may be derived from sub prediction unit 2 of the reference block, motion information on sub prediction unit 2 of the reference block is stored in the storage space. In this 20 case, the motion information stored in the storage space may be defined as motion information 2, which is used when motion information cannot be derived from some other sub prediction units of the reference block. [227] CA 02891672 2015-02-24 36 [228] Fig. 16e shows a fourth step of deriving motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block. [229] Referring to Fig. 16e, motion information is derived using motion information 2 stored in the storage space for sub prediction unit 0 of the current block. [230] [231] Fig. 16f shows a fifth step of deriving motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block. [232] Referring to Fig. 16f, motion information is derived using motion information 2 stored in the storage space for sub prediction unit 1 of the current block. [233] [234] Fig. I 6g shows a sixth step of deriving motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block. [235] Referring to Fig. 16g, motion information is derived from sub prediction unit 3 of the reference block for sub prediction unit 3 of the current block. In this case, since motion information may be derived from sub prediction unit 3 of the reference block, motion information on sub prediction unit 3 of the reference block is stored in the storage space. In this case, the stored motion information on sub prediction unit 3 may be defined as motion information 3, and motion information 3 may be stored in the storage space instead of motion information 2. Motion information 3 may be used when motion information cannot be derived from some other sub prediction unit of the reference block. [236] [237] Fig. 17 is a flowchart illustrating a method of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using a sub prediction unit of a reference block, according CA 02891672 2015-02-24 37 to an embodiment of the present invention. Each operation in the process of Fig. 17 may be performed by an encoder and/or a decoder or an inter prediction module in the encoder and/or decoder, for example, the intra prediction module 720 of Fig. 7 or the inter prediction module 850 of Fig. 8. [238] A process when a sub prediction unit of a reference block has its motion information is first described with reference to Fig. 17. The inter prediction module determines whether the sub prediction unit of the reference block has motion information (S1700). [239] The inter prediction module, if the sub prediction unit of the reference block has motion information, inserts the motion information present in the sub prediction unit of the reference block into a sub prediction unit of a current block which is targeted for deriving motion information. 12401 Thereafter, the inter prediction module determines whether the storage space stores motion information (S1720). If the storage space stores motion information, step SI750 is performed. In this case, the storage space has been described above in detail, so has the motion information. 12411 Unless the storage space stores motion information, the inter prediction module determines whether the sub prediction unit of the current block, which is targeted for deriving motion information, is the first sub prediction unit of the current block (S1730). If the sub prediction unit of the current block targeted for deriving motion information is the first sub prediction unit of the current block, the inter prediction module performs step S1750. [242] In step SI730, unless the sub prediction unit of the current block is the first sub prediction unit, the inter prediction module inserts the motion information present in the sub prediction unit of the reference block into the sub prediction unit(s) of the current block that are CA 02891672 2015-02-24 38 positioned ahead of the first sub prediction unit of the current block. For example, if the sub prediction unit of the current block, which is targeted for deriving motion information, is the third sub prediction unit, the inter prediction module inserts the motion information on the sub prediction unit of the reference block into the first and second sub prediction units of the current block. 12431 The inter prediction module stores (and updates the existing information in the storage space with) the motion information on the sub prediction unit of the reference block in the storage space (S1750). In this case, a specific description of storing and updating motion information has been given above. [2441 The inter prediction module determines whether the sub prediction unit of the reference block which is targeted for deriving motion information is the last sub prediction unit of the reference block (S1790). If the sub prediction unit of the reference block which is targeted for deriving motion information is the last sub prediction unit of the reference block, the inter prediction module terminates the motion information deriving process. Unless the sub prediction unit of the reference block which is targeted for deriving motion information is the last sub prediction unit of the reference block, the inter prediction module goes to a next sub prediction unit of the reference block for processing (S1780). Thereafter, the inter prediction module repeats steps S1700 to S1790. 1245] [246] If no sub prediction unit of the reference block has motion information, the following process proceeds. [247] The inter prediction module determines whether a sub prediction unit of the reference block has motion information (S1700). CA 02891672 2015-02-24 39 12481 If the sub prediction unit of the reference block does not have motion information, the inter prediction module determines whether the storage space retains motion information (S1770). Unless the storage space retains motion information, the inter prediction module performs step S1790. [249] In case the storage space retains motion information, the inter prediction module inserts the motion information stored in the storage space into the sub prediction unit of the reference block which is targeted for deriving motion information (S1750). [2501 After performing the above steps, the inter prediction module determines whether the sub prediction unit of the reference block which is targeted for deriving motion information is the last sub prediction unit of the reference block (S1790). If the sub prediction unit of the reference block which is targeted for deriving motion information is the last sub prediction unit of the reference block, the inter prediction module terminates the motion information deriving process. Unless the sub prediction unit of the reference block which is targeted for deriving motion information is the last sub prediction unit of the reference block, the inter prediction module goes to a next sub prediction unit of the reference block for processing (S1780). Thereafter, the inter prediction module repeats steps S1700 to S1790. 12511 Then, the inter prediction module derives a prediction sample for the current block based on the motion information on the current block derived by the above steps. The prediction sample may mean the above-described prediction signal, and the prediction signal may mean a difference between the original signal and the residual signal as described above. 12521 The above-described process of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block may specifically apply to 3D images as shown in Table I. As described above, the operation shown in Table 1 may be performed by an encoder/decoder or an inter CA 02891672 2015-02-24 =. prediction module of the encoder/decoder. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 . . 41 [253] [Table 1] This process has the following inputs. - Position (xPb, yPb) of left and upper end of current prediction unit - Width (nPbW) and height of current prediction unit - Reference view index reiViewldx - Disparity vector mvDisp This process has the following outputs. - Flag availableFlagLXinterView for determining whether temporal inter-view motion candidate is available, where LX may be reference picture list LO and Ll. As used herein, 'temporal inter-view' means that a picture at a different view from that of the current picture may be referenced as a picture at other time (i.e., other POC) at the same view as the current picture. - Temporal inter-view motion vector candidate mvLXInterView, where LX may be reference picture lists LO and Ll. - Reference index refIdxLXInterView designating a reference picture present in reference picture list RefflicListLX, where LX may be reference picture lists LO and Ll. LX may be reference picture lists LO and L 1. The following applies to LX. - Flag availableFlagLXInterView is initialized as 0. - Motion vector mvLXInterView is initialized as (0,0). [254] [255] CA 02891672 2015-02-24 42 - Reference index refIdxLXInterView is initialized as -1. Variables nSbW and nSbH are initialized as follows. nSbW=Min(nPbW, SubPbSize) nSbH=Min(nPbH, SubPbSize) Variable ivRefPic is initialized as a picture having the same ViewIdx as refViewIdx in the current access unit. Variable curSubBlockIdx is initialized as 0, and variable lastAvailableFlag is initialized as 0. The following applies to yBlk ranging from 0 to (nPbH/nSbH-1) and xBlk ranging from 0 to (nPbW/nSbW-1). - Variable curAvailableFlag is initialized as 0. - The following applies to X ranging from 0 to 1. - Flag spPredFlagLI[xBIk][yBlk] is initialized as 0. - Motion vector spMvLX is initialized as (0,0). - Reference index spRefIdxLX[xBIkliyBlkl is initialized as -1. - Reference block position (xRef, yRef) is derived as follows. xRef=Clip3(0, PicWidthInSamplesL-1), xPb+xBlk*nSbW+nSbW/2+((mvDisp[0]+2)>>2)) yRef=Clip3(0, PicHeightInSamplesL-1), (2561 CA 02891672 2015-02-24 43 yPb+yBlk*nSbH+nSbH/2+((mvDi sp [1 ]+2)>>2)) - Variable ivRefPb refers to luma prediction block at (xRef, yRef) in the inter-view reference picture indicated by ivRefPic. - (xIvRefPb, yIvRefPb) refers to the left and upper position of the reference block indicated by ivRefPb. - Unless ivRefPb has been encoded in intra mode, the following is performed on X ranging from 0 to 1. - When X is 0 or current slice is slice B, the following is performed on Y ranging from X to (1-X). - refPixListLYIvRef, predFlagLYIvReflx][y], mvLYIvRef[x][y], and refIdxLYIvReffx][y], respectively, are set to RefPicListLY, PredFlagLY[x][y], MvLY[x][y], and RefldxLY[x][y] in the picture indicated by ivRefPic. - If predFlagLYIvRef[xIvRefPb][yIvRefPb] is 1, the following is performed on i ranging from 0 to num_ref idx_lX active _minusl (the number of reference pictures in reference picture list). - If POC of refPicListLYIvRefirefldxLYIvRef[xIvRefPb][yIvRefPb]] is the same as RefPicListLX[i] and spPredFlagLX[xBlk][yBlk] is 0, the following applies. spMvLX[xBlk][yBlk]=mvLYIvRef[xlvRefPb][yIvRefPb] spRefldxLX[xBlk][yBlkl=i [2571 spPredLfagLX[xBlk][yBlk]=1 eurAvailableFlag= 1 CA 02891672 2015-02-24 44 The following applies according to curAvailableFlag. - If curAvailableFlag is 1, the following order applies. 1. If lastAvailableFlag is 0, the following applies. - The following applies to X ranging from 0 to I. mxLXInterView----spMvLX[xBIk][yBlk] refIdxLXInterView=spRefldxLX[xBlk][yBlk] availableFlagLXInterview=spPredFlag[xBlk][yBlk] - When curSubBlockIdx is larger than 0, the following applies to k ranging from 0 to (curSubBlockIdx-1). - Variables i and j are derived as follows. i=k%(nPSW/nSbW) j=k1(nPSW/nSbW) - The following applies to X ranging from 0 to I. spMvLX[i][j]=spMvLX[xBlk][03111 spRefldxLXiilfil=spRefldxLX[xBIk][yBlk] spPredFlagLX[i][j]=spPredFlagLX[xBlk][yB111 2. Variable lastAvailableFlag is replaced with 1. 3. xBIk and yBlk are stored in variables xLastAvail and yLastAvail, respectively. 1258] - If curAvailableFlag is 0, and lastAvailableFlag is 1, the following applies to X CA 02891672 2015-02-24 ranging from 0 to 1. spMvLX[xB1k][y Blk]=spMvLX[xLastAvail][yLastAvail] spRefldxLX[xBIk][yBlkl---spRefIdxLX[xLastAvail] [yLastAvai I] spPredFlagLX[xBIk][yBlk]-- spPredFlagLX[xLastAvail][yLastAvail] - Variable eurSubBlockldx is set to curSubBlockldx+1. [259] 1260] Table 1 is now described in detail. 1261] Referring to Table 1, the position of the left and upper end of the current 5 prediction block, the width and height of the current prediction block, a reference view index, and a disparity vector are input to the inter prediction module. In this case, the position of the left and upper end of the current prediction block may be denoted (xPb, yPb), where 'xPb' may refer to the X-axis coordinate of the current prediction block, and 'yPb' the y-axis coordinate of the current prediction block. The width of the current prediction block may be denoted 'nPbW,' and 10 the height of the current prediction block 'nPbH. The reference view index may be denoted 'refViewIdx,' and the disparity vector 'mvDisp.' In this case, the inter prediction module may correspond to the above-described inter prediction module of the image encoder/decoder. 12621 Referring to Fig. 17, after finishing the process of deriving the motion information on the sub prediction unit of the current block using the sub prediction unit of the 15 reference block, the inter prediction module outputs a flag for determining whether a temporal inter-view motion candidate is available, a temporal inter-view motion vector candidate, and a reference picture present in a reference picture list. In this case, the flag for determining whether CA 02891672 2015-02-24 46 a temporal inter-view motion candidate is available may be defined as 'availableFlagLXInterView,' and the temporal inter-view motion candidate may be defined as 'mvLXInterView.' The reference picture list may be denoted 'RefPicListLX,' and the reference index designating a reference picture present in the reference picture list may be defined as 'refldxLXInterView.' In `availableFlagLXInterView', `mvLXInterView', `RefPicListLX", and `refldxLXInterView,"LX' may be reference picture list 0(List 0, LO) or reference picture list l(List 1, L1). 12631 Now described is a method of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using a sub prediction unit of a reference block in order for an inter prediction module to derive the above-described outputs from the above- described inputs. [264] The inter prediction module performs initialization before deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using a sub prediction unit of a reference block. In this case, availableFlagLXInterView is set to 0, mvLXInterView (0,0), and refidxLXInterView -1. When the inter prediction module performs initialization, the width and height of the sub prediction unit are initialized also. In this case, the width of the sub prediction unit may be denoted 'nSbW,' and the height of the sub prediction unit 'nSbH.' A specific method of initializing variables nSbW and nSbH is given as Equation 1 below. 12651 [Equation 1] nSb Min (n TT :SubASize{ nuh_layer_id 1) 12661 r9iH Afin(n.A1-1SubASizei 1) [2671 In this case, SubPbSize denotes the size (including the height and width) of the sub prediction unit designated by an image parameter set (VPS), and nuh layer id denotes an index for identifying a layer (e.g., which reference view it is). Min() may be defined as in CA 02891672 2015-02-24 . , 47 Equation 2 to output the smaller of input variables. [268] [Equation 21 : X Min(x.y) =j [269] 1270] The inter prediction module may initialize not only the above- described variables but also information for identifying a sub prediction unit of the current block and the luma prediction block at (xRef, yRef) in the inter-view reference picture and information for identifying whether the motion information stored in the storage space is available. 12711 In this case, the luma prediction block at (xRef, yRef) in the inter-view reference picture is set as a block in a picture having the same view index as the reference view index in the current access unit. In this case, the luma prediction block at (xRef, yRef) in the inter-view reference picture is defined as 'ivRefPic,' and the access unit means a unit in which an image is encoded/decoded. The access unit includes images with different views, which have the same picture order count (POC). For example, if there are three views, one access unit may include a common image and/or depth information image of the first view, a common image and/or depth information image of the second view, and a common image and/or depth information image of the third view. The reference view index may be defined as 'ret-Viewldx; and the view index 'ViewIdx.' In this case, Viewldx may mean a view of the current picture. [2721 In this case, the information for identifying a sub prediction unit of the current block for initialization may be set to 0, and the information for identifying the sub prediction unit of the current block may be defined as 'curSubBlockIdx.' The information for identifying whether the motion information stored in the storage space is available is also set and initialized to 0, and the information for identifying whether the motion information stored in the storage CA 02891672 2015-02-24 48 space may be defined as lastAvalableFlag.' [2731 [2741 After initializing the above-described variables, the inter prediction module performs the following process on yBlk that ranges from 0 to (nPbH/nSbH-1) and xBlk that ranges from 0 to (nPbW/nSbW-1). Here, xBIk means the x coordinate of the block, and yBlk means the y coordinate of the block. 12751 First, the inter prediction module initializes the information for identifying whether to predict motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block, the sub prediction unit prediction flag, motion information on the sub prediction unit, and reference index of the sub prediction unit. Specifically, the information for identifying whether to predict the motion information from the sub prediction unit of the reference block may be set to 0. In this case, the information for identifying whether to predict motion information from the sub prediction unit of the reference block may be defined as 'curAvailableFlag.' The sub prediction unit prediction flag may be set to 0, and the sub prediction unit prediction flag may be defined as 'spPredFlagL 1 .' To represent coordinates of the block, the sub prediction unit flag may be defined as `spPredFlagLI[ xBIk ][ yBlk ]. The motion vector of the sub prediction unit is set to (0, 0), and the motion vector of the sub prediction unit may be defined as 'spMvLX.' The reference index of the sub prediction unit may be set to -1, and the reference index of the sub prediction unit may be defined as IspRefldxLX.' To represent coordinates of the block, the reference index of the sub prediction unit may be defined as spRefldxLX [ xBlk ][ yBlk ].' [276] The position (xRef, yRef) of the reference block may be set as in the following Equation 3. 12771 [Equation 311 CA 02891672 2015-02-24 49 xRef = ip3(0. Be TT eithinSamplesL-1, x.117¨ xBik* n5bTT72¨ ((mvDisi.0]--- 2) >> 21)) yRef = Crip3(0,PicHeightinSampiesL-1. 12781 yTh¨yEi7k* nSb11¨ nSbH12¨ ((muDisp[ij¨ 2'1 >> 2 ) ) 12791 Here, xRef means the x coordinate of the position of the reference block, and yRef means the y coordinate of the position of the reference block. PicWidthInSamplesL means the width at the current picture, and PicHeightInSamplesL means the height at the current picture. Clip3() may be defined as in the following Equation 4. 12801 [Equation 4] X: Z < aip3(x. y. z) = y: z > y 12811 z: otherwise [2821 [2831 In case the inter-view reference block is encoded in intra mode, the following process is performed on X that ranges from 0 to 1. The inter-view reference block refers to a luma prediction block at (xRef, yRef) in the inter-view reference picture indicated by ivRefPic, and the inter-view reference block may be defined as 'ivRefPb.' That is, ivRefPb denotes the luma prediction block at (xRef, yRef) in the inter-view reference picture indicated by ivRefPic, and ivRefPic denotes the inter-view reference picture. The position of the left and upper end of the reference block indicated by ivRefPb may be set to (xIvRefPb, yIvRefPb). 12841 When X is 0 or the current slice is slice B, each variable is reset for Y (Y ranges from X to (1-X)) as follows. refPicListLYIvRef is set to ReffleListLY in the picture indicated by ivRefPic, where RefPicListLY means a reference picture list. predFlagLYIvRef[ x ][ y] is set to PredFlagLY[ x ][ y ] in the picture indicated by ivRefPic, where PredFlagLY means an identifier indicating a reference picture list. mvLYIvRefl x IF y ] is set to MvLY[ x ][ y ] in the CA 02891672 2015-02-24 picture indicated by ivRefPic, where MvLY means a motion vector. Likewise, refidxLYIvRefl x ][ y] is set to RefldxLY[ x ][ y] in the picture indicated by ivRefPie, where RefldxLY means a reference index. [285] In this case, if predFlagLYIvReff xlvRefPb ][ yIvRefPb ] is 1, the following 5 Equation 5 may apply to i ranging from 0 to num_ref idx_lX_active_minusl (the number of reference pictures in the reference picture list). [286] [Equation 5] sp.1kL,Ilx.B11d[yBlic] mv.LIT:Ref[zIvRef Th][ylcRef Fb] spRef IdxLX[sBik][yRici = spPredFlagLX[rBik][yBiki = 1 [287] curAcailableFlafl --- 1 [288] 10 [289] Meanwhile, referring to Table 1, the following processes respectively apply to the case where curAvailableFlag is 1 and the case where curAvailableFalg is 0. [290] If curAvailableFlag is I, the inter prediction module performs the following process. [291] If lastAvailableFlag is 0, the following Equation 6 may apply to X ranging from 15 0 to I. [292] [Equation 6] ma-LA:Inter View = spiluLX[xBik][yBlk] ref &LA-Inter View = apRefithraxBikiryBlki [293] availableFraQ LXInterview = spri-edf7aa[x131k}{uBlid CA 02891672 2015-02-24 , . 51 [294] If lastAvailableFlag is 0, and curSubBlockIdx is larger than 0, the following Equation 7 may apply to variables i and j for k ranging from 0 to (curSubBlockIdx - 1). [295] [Equation 7] (n PSIV/ aSb [296] = k/ (rIPST4in,.9)10 1297] In this case, the following Equation 8 applies to X ranging from 0 to 1. 12981 [Equation 8] sp.112.14Xli.} [j] = sp..11vLX[xBik][yaki spRefidxLiffilbl = spRefidx_LX[xBik][yBlk] [299] spPredliaaLX[i][i] = sperectRagLX,zBlkj[y.Bik] [300] 2. After the above-described process, the inter prediction module replaces lastAvailableFlag with 1. [301] 3. Thereafter, the inter prediction module stores xBlk and yBlk in variables xLastAvail and yLastAvail, respectively. [302] 1303] If curAvailableFlag is 1, and lastAvailableFlag is 1, the inter prediction module applies the following Equation 9 to X ranging from 0 to 1. [304] [Equation 911 sp..TfaX zBik] [yak] = spi-fuLtzLast.Availl[yLastAvaill spRef IdxLX xBik][y.Blk] = xLastAvaill[gastAvaill [305] spPredFfafiLklx_alki[iBlk] = spPredFlag.LX- xLastAvaillbiLastAvaill [306] After performing all of the above-described processes, variable curSubBIockldx is set to curSubBlockldx+1. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 52 1307] [308] The method of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block described above in connection with Fig. 17, when unable to derive motion information from a sub prediction unit of a reference block, uses the motion information on a sub prediction unit of the reference block, which has been referenced before (or afterwards). As such, the method of deriving motion information according to Fig. 17 should necessarily reference a sub prediction unit of other reference block and thus this method is dependent. A dependent motion information deriving method is vulnerable to parallel designs, which is described in detail with reference to Fig. 18. 13091 1310j Fig. 18 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of deriving in parallel information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using a sub prediction unit of a reference block. 13111 Referring to Fig. 18, Ref means a reference block, and Refs 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are sub prediction units 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively, of the reference block. Cur means a current block, and Curs 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 mean sub prediction units 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively, of the current block. X marked in Refs 2, 3, 4, and 5 mean that sub prediction units 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the reference block are unavailable upon deriving motion information. 13121 In an embodiment according to Fig. 18, the inter prediction module detects a sub prediction unit from which motion information may be derived as described above, in order to derive motion information from a sub prediction unit from which motion information cannot be derived. Accordingly, the inter prediction module cannot independently derive motion CA 02891672 2015-02-24 53 information for each sub prediction unit of the current block, and the above- described motion information deriving process is difficult to perform in parallel. [313] 13141 Fig. 19 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of discovering an available sub prediction unit when the available sub prediction unit is positioned at the rightmost and lowermost end of a reference block. 13151 Referring to Fig. 19, each square means a sub prediction unit, where the bold solid lined one means an available sub prediction unit upon deriving motion information while the thinner sold lined ones mean unavailable sub prediction units upon deriving motion information. The dash-line arrow indicates an order of discovering motion information. 13161 In case a sub prediction unit from which motion information may be derived is positioned only at the rightmost and lowermost end of the reference block as shown in Fig. 19, the sub prediction units should be sequentially subject to discovery of a sub prediction unit from which motion information may be derived along the dash-line arrow from the leftmost and uppermost end of the reference block. In a typical case, it is not known which sub prediction unit in what reference block may be put to use for deriving motion information. Accordingly, the sub prediction units of the reference block are subject to sequential discovery from the first sub prediction unit of the reference block to determine a sub prediction unit that may be used for deriving motion information. 13171 However, the approach of deriving motion information as shown in Fig. 19 requires all of the sub prediction units in the reference block to discover an available sub prediction unit, thus causing frequent access to the memory. In this case, if only a few among the sub prediction units of the reference block have motion information, unnecessary sub prediction CA 02891672 2015-02-24 54 unit discovery occurs. In particular, if none of the sub prediction units in the reference block are used to derive motion information, the process of discovering available sub prediction units of the reference block only brings about unnecessary memory access without any benefit. In this case, "having no motion information" means that the current block failed to discover a similar region in the reference block of a neighboring frame. 13181 Accordingly, in case only a few or none of the sub prediction units in a reference block have motion information, encoding/decoding the current block using inter prediction may lead to more efficiency. In other words, in such case that only a few or none of the sub prediction units in a reference block have motion information, it may be more efficient to discover a similar region in a neighboring pixel of the current block to perform encoding/decoding on the current block. [319] [320] Fig. 20 is a view schematically illustrating times required to derive motion information on a per-sub prediction unit basis. [321] Referring to Fig. 20, when the time taken to derive motion information from one sub prediction unit is T, and the number of sub prediction units in a reference block is N, the time taken to derive all the motion information from the reference block is NxT. The above- mentioned motion information deriving method brings about data dependency and frequent memory access. Data-dependent motion information deriving methods cannot independently derive motion information from each sub prediction unit, and in order to derive motion information from one sub prediction unit, it should thus wait until motion information is derived from other sub prediction unit. Therefore, the data-dependent motion information deriving methods may cause an encoding/decoding delay. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 [3221 Resultantly, the above-described motion information deriving method cannot achieve data parallelization for simultaneously deriving motion information, and from its design architecture, the method may cause frequent memory access which deteriorates memory use efficiency. 5 1323] [3241 An apparatus and method for removing dependency when deriving motion information is proposed herein to address the above issues. Fig. 21 illustrates an exemplary configuration of an inter prediction module to which the present invention applies. A method of deriving motion information is described in detail with reference to Figs. 22 to 26, according 10 .. to an embodiment of the present invention. (3251 13261 Fig. 21 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of an inter prediction module 2100 to which the present invention applies. [3271 Referring to Fig. 21, the inter prediction module 2100 may include a storage 15 module 2110 and a deriving module 2120. The inter prediction module 2100 may mean the above-described inter prediction module 710 in the 3D image encoder or the inter prediction module 850 in the 3D image decoder. The inter prediction module 2100 of Fig. 21 may apply to the above-described image encoding/decoding process. [3281 The storage module 2110 designates a motion information and stores the same 20 in a storage space. The storage module 2110 may use motion information present at a position of the reference block in order to obtain the motion information stored. Here, the position may be the center of the reference block or a (sub) prediction unit covering the center of the reference block. The motion information stored in the storage module 2110 may be set to an initial value. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 56 Unless the motion information can be stored in the storage space, the process of deriving motion information on a per-sub prediction unit basis may be omitted. When omitting the process of deriving motion information on a per-sub prediction unit basis, inter prediction may be carried out as described supra. The storage module 2110 is described below in greater detail. [329] The deriving module 2120 performs a process of deriving motion information from a sub prediction unit of the current block. In this case, the deriving module 2120 may basically perform the above-described motion information deriving process. However, the deriving module 2120 proposed herein, unless the sub prediction unit of the reference block corresponding to the first sub prediction unit of the current block has motion information, may perform discovery to the sub prediction unit of the reference block having motion information, and instead of deriving motion information on the first sub prediction unit of the current block from the sub prediction unit of the reference block having motion information, may then derive motion information on the first sub prediction unit of the current block from the motion information stored in the storage module. The deriving module 2120 is described below in greater detail. 1330] [331! Embodiments of the present invention are now described in detail with reference to the drawings. [332] [333] Embodiment 1 [334] Fig. 22 is a flowchart schematically illustrating a method of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using a reference block, according to an embodiment of the present invention. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 . , 57 [335] In embodiment 1, motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block (current sub unit) is derived based on motion information for the center position of a reference block. Embodiment 1 may be performed in an encoder and decoder or a predicting unit or inter prediction module of the encoder and decoder. For ease of description herein, the inter prediction module 2100 of Fig. 21 performs the operation of embodiment 1. [336] Referring to Fig. 22, the inter prediction module 2100 may derive the center position of the reference block (S2200). The center position of the reference block may be derived from Equation 10 below. Here, the reference block may be a block present at the same position as the current block in the reference picture, and the reference block may have the same size as the current block. 13371 [Equation 10] [338] X position---xPb+(nPbW>>1) Y position¨yPb+(nPbH>>1) [339] Here, xPb and yPb refer to a left and upper position of the current PU, nPbW the width of the current PU, and nPbH the height of the current PU. [340] The inter prediction module 2100 may determine whether there is motion information at the center position of the reference block (S2210). The center position of the reference block may be specified as described above. [341] Unless there is motion information available at the center position of the reference block, the inter prediction module 2100 may terminate the process of deriving motion information. For example, without available motion information at the center of the reference block, the inter prediction module 2100 might not derive motion information on the current block. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 58 [342] If motion information is present at the center position of the reference block, the inter prediction module 2100 may store the motion information present at the center position of the reference block in the storage space (S2220). The motion information present at the center position of the reference block may be motion information on the prediction block including a full sample position most adjacent to the center of the reference block. A specific process of storing motion information by the inter prediction module 2100 has been described above. The inter prediction module 2100 may derive motion information on a current sub prediction unit based on the stored motion information on the reference block. 1343] The inter prediction module 2100 may determine whether the sub prediction unit of the reference block corresponding to the current sub prediction unit has motion information (S2240). 13441 In case the sub prediction unit of the reference block has motion information, the inter prediction module 2100 may insert into the current sub prediction unit the motion information on the sub prediction unit of the reference block (S2250). In other words, the inter prediction module 2100 may set the motion information on the sub prediction unit of the reference block (for example, motion vector, reference picture index) as the motion information on the corresponding current sub prediction unit. [345] Unless the sub prediction unit of the reference block has available motion information, the inter prediction module 2100 inserts into the current sub prediction unit the motion information of the reference block stored in the storage space (S2260). In other words, in case the motion information on the sub prediction unit of the reference block corresponding to the current sub prediction unit is unavailable, the inter prediction module 2100 may set the motion information on the center of the reference block stored in step S2200 as the motion CA 02891672 2015-02-24 59 information on the current sub prediction unit. [346] The inter prediction module 2100 may determine whether the sub prediction unit of the reference block corresponding to the current sub prediction unit is the last sub prediction unit in the reference block (or in the same meaning whether the current sub prediction unit is the last sub prediction unit in the current block) (S2270). The inter prediction module 2100 may terminate the process of deriving motion information in case the sub prediction unit of the reference block is the last sub prediction unit. 13471 Unless the sub prediction unit of the reference block is the last sub prediction unit, the inter prediction module 2100 goes on with driving motion information on a next sub prediction unit of the current block in order to continue to derive motion information (S2230). [348] 13491 The above-described motion information deriving process according to embodiment 1 may apply to 3D image decoding as in Table 2. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 13501 [Table 2] This process has the following inputs. - Position (xPb, yPb) of left and upper end of current prediction unit - Width (nPbW) and height of current prediction unit - Reference view index retViewIdx - Disparity vector mvDisp This process has the following outputs. - Flag availableFlagLXinterView for determining whether temporal inter-view motion candidate is available, where LX may be reference picture list LO and Ll. = - Temporal inter-view motion vector candidate mvLXInterView, where LX may be reference picture lists LO and Ll. - Reference index refldxLXInterView designating a reference picture present in reference picture list RefPicListLX, where LX may be reference picture lists LO and Ll. LX may be reference picture lists LO and LI. The following applies to LX. - Flag availableFlagLXInterView is initialized as 0. - Motion vector mvLXInterView is initialized as (0,0). - Reference index refIdxLXInterView is initialized as -1. Variables nSbW and nSbH are initialized as follows. 1351] Variables nSbW and nSbH are initialized as follows. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 61 nSbW-Min(nPbW, SubPbSize) nSbH=Min(riPbH, SubPbSize) where, SubPbSize is the size including height and width of the sub prediction unit designated by VPS. Variable ivRefPic is initialized as a picture having the same Viewldx as refViewIdx in the current access unit. Variable curSubBlockldx is initialized as O. Reference position (xRef, yRef) may be derived as follows. xRefFul I = xPb + ( nPb >> 1 ) ( inDispi 0 I + 2 ) >> 2 ) ykc fl'u 1 I = yPb + ( aPhU>> 1 ) + ( ( nrd)i st-4 1 1+2 ) >> 2 ) \Ref = CI ii)3( 0. Pi cWi (111)116=1)1es], - I. C xRtsfEu ii >> ;') ) << :I ) = CI ii)3( 0. Piclleight InSaino I - I. ylMFuI 1 >> 11 ) << 1 ) ivRefPic is set to the picture having the same ViewIdx as refViewIdx in the current access unit. The motion information in the reference picture may be stored in units of gx8 pixel blocks. Correction factors xRefFull and yRefFull may be the position of the center full sample of the reference block specified using mvDisp. ivRefPb may be a prediction block covering position (xRef, yRef) in ivRefPic. (xIvRefPb, yIvRefPb) specifies the left and upper position of ivRefPb. [352] CA 02891672 2015-02-24 62 Unless ivRefPb has been encoded in intra mode, the following may apply to Y ranging from X to (I-X). - refPixListLYIvRef, predFlagLYIvRef[x][y], mvLYIvReflx][y], and refIdxLYIvRef[x][y], respectively, are set to their respective corresponding variables, i.e., RelPicListLY, PredFlagLY[x][y], MvLY[x][y], and RefldxLY[x][y] in the inter- view reference picture ivRefPic. - If predFlagLYIvRef[xIvRefPb][ylvRefPb] is 1, the following may apply to i ranging from 0 to num_ref idx_lX_active_minusl (the number of reference pictures in reference picture list). If POC (Picture Order Count) of retPicListLYIvRef[reffdxLYIvRef{xIvRefPb}[yIvRefPb]] is the same as RefPicListLX[i] and availableFlagLXInterView is 0, the following applies. availableFlagLXInterNiou = maXInterVieA = maVivRefi xlvkefil) II ylvkefiT) ref Isixl.X = i If availableFlagLOInterView or availableFlagLlInterview is 1, the following is performed. - The following applies to yBlk ranging from 0 to (nPbH/nSbH-1) and xBlk ranging from 0 to (nPbW/nSbW-1). [353] - Variable curAvailableFlag is initialized as 0. - The following applies to X ranging from 0 to 1. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 63 - Flag spPredFlagLl[xBIk][yBlk] is initialized as 0. - Motion vector spMvLX is initialized as (0,0). - Reference index spRefIdxLX[xBIk][yBlk] is initialized as -1. - Reference block position (xRef, yRef) is derived as follows. xRef---Clip3(0, PicWidthInSamplesL- 1), xPb+x131k*nSbW+nSbW/2+((mvDisp[0]+2)>>2)) yRef=Clip3(0, PicHeightInSamplesL-1), yP b+yB lk* nSbH+n S bH/2+((mvDi sp [ 1]+2)>>2)) - Variable ivRefPb refers to luma prediction block at (xRef, yRef) in the inter-view reference picture indicated by ivRefPic. - (xlvRefPb, yIvRefPb) refers to the left and upper position of the reference block indicated by ivRefPb. - Unless ivRefPb has been encoded in intra mode, the following is performed on X ranging from 0 to 1. - When X is 0 or current slice is slice B, the following is performed on Y ranging from X to (1-X). - reffixListLYIvRef, predFlagLY1vRef[x][y], mvLYIvRef[x][y], and refIdxLYIvReftx][y], respectively, are set to RefPicListLY, PredFlagLY[x][y], MvLY[xilYl, and RefldxLY[xitY1 in the picture indicated by ivRefPic. 1354] - If predFlagLYIvRef[xIvRefPb][yIvRefPb] is 1, the following is performed on i ranging from 0 to num_ref idx_IX_active_minusl (the number of reference pictures in reference picture CA 02891672 2015-02-24 64 list). - If POC of refPicListLYIvRef[refldxLYIvRefixIvRetilbilylvRefPb}] is the same as RefPicListLX[i] and spPredFlagLX[xBlkilyBlk] is 0, the following applies. spMvLX[xBlk][yB114--mvLYIvRefix1vRefPb][ylvRefPb] spRefldxLX[x131k][y13lIc1=i spPredLfagLX[xBIk][yBlkj----1 curAvailableFlag=1 - The following applies according to eurAvailableFiag. - If curAvailableFlag is 0, the following applies to X ranging from 0 to 1. slAvlAf fl 01k 1 = mvIAInterViow spRefldx1A1 xfilk If yBik 1 = reff4xLX spPrefflagLX1 xB k JI yfilk 1= availahleFlaglAIntorView Variable curSubBlockIdx is set to curSubBlockIdx+1. If availableFlagLOInterView and availableFlagL1InterView are 0, the process is terminated. 13551 13561 Embodiment 1 is described again based on Table 2. 13571 Referring to Table 2, the position of the left and upper end of the current prediction block, the width and height of the current prediction block, a reference view index, and a disparity vector are input to the inter prediction module 2100. Here, the position of the left and upper end of the current prediction block may be defined as (xPb, yPb). The width of the current prediction block may be defined as 'nPbW,' and the height of the current prediction block 'nPbH.' The reference view index may be defined as 'refViewIdx,' and the disparity vector CA 02891672 2015-02-24 'mvDisp.' [358] After finishing the process of deriving motion information on the sub prediction unit of the current block using the sub prediction unit of the reference block, the inter prediction module 2100 may output a flag for determining whether inter-view prediction is possible, an 5 inter-view motion vector, and a reference index designating a reference picture present in a reference picture list. In this case, the flag for determining whether a temporal inter-view motion candidate is available may be defined as 'availableFlagLXInterView,' and the temporal inter- view motion candidate may be defined as 'mvLXInterView.' The reference picture list may be denoted 'Refl'icListLX,' and the reference index designating a reference picture present in the 10 reference picture list may be defined as 'refldxLXInterView.' In `availableFlagLXInterView', `mvLXInterView', `RefPicListLX", and `refIdxLXInterView,"LX' may be reference picture list 0(List 0, LO) or reference picture list l(List 1, L1). [3591 Now described is a method of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block by obtaining the above-described outputs from the inputs. 15 [360] First, the inter prediction module 2100 performs initialization before deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using a sub prediction unit of a reference block. In this case, availableFlagLXInterView may be set to 0, myLXInterView (0,0), and refIdxLXInterView -1. When the inter prediction module 2100 performs initialization, the width and height of the sub prediction unit may be initialized also. In this case, the width of the 20 sub prediction unit may be denoted 'nSbW,' and the height of the sub prediction unit 'nSbH.' Equation 11 represents an example of a method for initializing variables nSbW and nSbH. [361] [Equation 11] CA 02891672 2015-02-24 = = 66 n5b i4 Mm (riThITT-SubFlaSize[ nuh_layer_id ]) [362] riSbH= Ifin(nPb_FISubASizei nuhiauer_id i) [363] In this case, SubPbSize denotes the size (including the height and width) of the sub prediction unit designated by a VPS, and nuh_layer_id denotes an index for identifying a layer (e.g., which reference view it is). Min() is an operator outputting the smaller of variables input. [364] The inter prediction module 2100 may initialize not only the above- described variables but also information for identifying a sub prediction unit of the current block and the luma prediction block at (xRef, yRef) in the inter-view reference picture and information for identifying whether the motion information stored in the storage space is available. [365] In this case, the inter-view reference picture may be set to a picture having a view index such as a reference view index in the current access unit. Here, the inter-view reference picture may be denoted 'ivRefPic,' and the luma prediction block at (xRef, yRef) in the inter-view reference picture may be denoted IvRefPb. One access unit includes images with different views, which have the same picture order count (POC). The reference view index may be defined as 'refViewIdx,' and the view index 'ViewIdx.' [366] [367] The reference position may be a position specifying a prediction block covering the center of the reference block according to embodiment 1. The motion information on the reference position may be stored in order to derive motion information on the current sub prediction unit. Equation 12 shows an exemplary method of deriving the reference position (xRef, yRef). 13681 [Equation 12] CA 02891672 2015-02-24 . , 67 xRef Full = xl5b¨ (nThrr>> 1) -- ((muDisp[0] ¨ 2) >> 2) y.Ref Full ¨ yPb¨ (n.13bH>> 1) -- ((mvDisp[1] ¨ 2) >2) x Ref = Clip3(0.PicificithinSamp(esL ¨ 1,(x Ref Full >> 3) < 3) [369] giRef = aip3(0,_FcHei,.QhfinSamplesL ¨ 1.(yilef Full >> 3) < 3) [370] Here, XRefFull and yRefFull denote the position of the full sample close to the center of the reference block. That is, xRefFull and yRefFull respectively denote the x coordinate and the y coordinate of the sample at an integer position. [371] [372] ivRefPb may be a sub prediction unit or prediction block covering (xRef, yRef). The position (xIvRefPb, yIvRefPb) of the luma sample may specify the left and upper end of ivRefPb. [373] [374] Unless ivRefPb has been encoded/decoded in intra mode, the following processes (1) and (2) may apply to Y ranging from X to (1-X). [375] refPieListLYIvRef is set to RefPicListLY in the inter-view reference picture ivRefPic, predFlagLYIvReft x ][ y ] to PredFlag[ x ][ y 1 in the inter-view reference picture ivRefPic, and refIdxLYIvRefj x ][ y ] to RefldxLY[ x ][ y ] in the inter-view reference picture ivRefPic. [3761 if predFlagLYIvRefT xlvRefPb ][ yIvRefPb ] is I, the following process applies to i ranging from 0 to num_ref idx_IX_active_minusl(the number of reference pictures in the reference picture list X). If POC(Picture Order Count: of refPieListLYIvRef[ refIdxLYIvRefl xIvRefPb ][ yIvRefPb ] ] is RefPicListLX[ i ], and availableFlagLXInterView is 0, Equation 13 CA 02891672 2015-02-24 68 may apply. [377] [Equation 13] a voila &fella LXInter T Tim 1 maXinter T = m vLIIRef leRe f Pb][yluRaFtb] 1378] ref IdxLX=i 1379] [380] In case availableFlagLOInterView or availableFlagLIInterView is 1, the inter prediction module 2100 performs the following process on yBlk that ranges from 0 to (nPbH/nSbH-1) and xBIk that ranges from 0 to (nPbW/nSbW-1). Here, xBIk means the x coordinate, and yBlk means the y coordinate. In other words, if motion information available at the center of the reference block is derived, the inter prediction module 2100 may derive motion information on a per-sub prediction unit basis. 13811 First, the inter predictinon 2100 unit may initialize the information for identifying whether to predict motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block, the sub prediction unit prediction flag, motion information on the sub prediction unit, and reference index of the sub prediction unit. 1382] In this case, the information for identifying whether to predict motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block may be defined as 'curAvailableFlag,' the sub prediction unit prediction flag ispPredFlagLX1,1 the sub prediction unit flag ispPredFlagLX[xBIk][yBlk],' the motion vector of the sub prediction unit 'spMvLX,' the reference index of the sub prediction unit 'spRefldxLX,' and the reference index of the sub prediction unit 'spRefIdxLX[xBIk][yBlk].' [3831 The position (xRef, yRef) of the reference block is reset on a per-sub prediction CA 02891672 2015-02-24 69 unit basis as in the following Equation 14. 13841 [Equation 14] iRef = 0ip3(0. FierfidthinSarriplesi-1, xPb nSb IV¨ n5b 1372¨ ((mvDi,sp[0] ¨2) >> 211) yl?ef CT ip3(0. PicHeightinSa mplesL-1. [3851 y yBik* 12.5b11,/ 2-- ( (mt=Diso[il¨ 2) >> 2))1 [3861 [3871 PicWidthInSamplesL means the width of the current picture, and PicIleightInSamplesL means the height of the current picture. Further, Clip30 has been described above. [3881 [389] Thereafter, in case the inter-view reference block is encoded in intra mode, the following process is performed on X that ranges from 0 to 1. [390] [391] When X is 0 or the current slice is slice B, each variable is reset for Y (Y ranges from X to (1-X)) as follows. refPicListLYIvRef may be set to reference picture list RefPicListLY for a picture specified by ivRefPic (i.e., the inter-view reference picture). predFlagLYIvRef[ x ][ y ] is set to PredFlagLY[ x if y ]. PredFlagLY[ x ][ y ] indicates the reference picture list that applies at (x,y) in the picture specified by ivRefPic. mvLYIvRef[ x][ y ] is set to MvLY[ x ][ y ]. MvLY[ x ][ y ] means the motion vector at (x,y) in the picture specified by ivRefPic. refldxLYIvReff x ][ y] is set to RefIdxLY[ x ][ y]. RefIdxLY[ x ][ y I indicates the reference pixel at (x,y) in the picture indicated by ivRefPic. f3921 In case predFlagLYIvRef[ xIvRetPb ][ yIvRefPb ] is 1, the following Equation 15 may apply to i ranging from 0 to num_ref idx_lX_active_minusl(the number of reference CA 02891672 2015-02-24 . õ. pictures in the reference picture list) if POC of refPicListLYIvRef[ refIchrLYIvRef[ xlvRefPb ylvRefPb ] is RefPicListLX[ iJ and spPredFlagLX[ xBIk yB11 c] is 0. [3931 [Equation 15] spliuLAIxBik)jyBild = m v LI/1Ra jzkRef Flij[ylV Ref IN 6pReild..rLY,r1311c][yEik] = spF'red.FlagLX[iBik;[yBild = 1 [394] cur AvailableFog = 1 5 [395] Even after the above-described process has been performed, if curAvailableFlag as set is 0 (i.e., unless spRefldxLX=i (e.g., spRefldxLx.---1), and spPredFlagLX-1 (e.g., spPredFlagLX=-0), it may be said that no motion information may be derived on a per-sub prediction unit basis. Accordingly, the inter prediction module 2100 may apply Equation 16 to X ranging from 0 to 1. 10 13961 In other words, in case motion information cannot be derived from the sub prediction unit of the reference block, the inter prediction module 2100 may derive motion information on the sub prediction unit of the current block from the motion information on the center position of the reference block. (397] 15 [398] [Equation 16] = mvEXInter View 8pRef Ida LX12.131ki[yRk] = ref Idx LX. [399J spPrectRagLX[xBik}billfk] = ovailabieFtagLXInter I 7ew 1400] CA 02891672 2015-02-24 71 14011 Finally, after all of the above-described processes have been done, variable, curSubBlockIdx, is set to curSubBlockIdx + 1, and if availableFlagLOInterView and availableFlagL 1 InterView are 0, the process of deriving motion information according to embodiment 1 is ended. [4021 14031 Embodiment 2 [4041 Fig. 23 is a flowchart schematically illustrating a method of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block, according to another embodiment of the present invention. In the example illustrated in Fig. 23, motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block may be derived using a sub prediction unit present at a position of a reference block. [4051 In embodiment 2, the motion information on the sub prediction unit of the current block may be derived based on the motion information on the sub prediction unit covering the center of the reference block. [4061 The example shown in Fig. 23 may be performed in an encoder and decoder or a predicting unit of the encoder and decoder or the inter prediction module 2100 shown in Fig. 21. Here, for ease of description, the inter prediction module 2100 performs each step as shown in Fig. 23. 14071 Referring to Fig. 23, the inter prediction module 2100 may derive the position of the sub prediction unit positioned at the center of the reference block (center sub prediction unit) (S2300). The center sub prediction unit positioned in the reference block means a sub prediction unit located at the center of the reference block, and the center of the reference block has been described above. Equation 17 represents an example of deriving the position of the center sub CA 02891672 2015-02-24 . , 72 prediction unit of the reference block. [408] [Equation 17] xPb--( n If Sb if ;12 )* n5b n Sb ITT/12 Center sub prediction unit's X value= yPb(n If n Sb Hi 2)4' n n 515H/ 2 Center sub prediction unit's Y value-- [409] [410] here, xPb and yPb refer to a left and upper position of the current prediction unit, nPbW the width of the current prediction unit, and nPbH the height of the current prediction unit. 1411] The inter prediction module 2100 determines whether the center sub prediction unit of the reference block has motion information (S2310), and the position of the center sub prediction unit of the reference block has been described above. If no motion information is present at the position of the center sub prediction unit of the reference block, the inter prediction module 2100 may terminate the motion information deriving process. [412] In case motion information is present in the center sub prediction unit of the reference block, the inter prediction module 2100 may store the motion information present at the center position (S2320). A specific process of storing motion information by the inter prediction module 2100 has been described above. [413] The inter prediction module 2100 derives motion information on the current sub prediction unit. The inter prediction module 2100 may determine whether the sub prediction unit of the reference block corresponding to the current sub prediction unit has motion information (S2340). [414] In case the sub prediction unit of the reference block has motion information, the inter prediction module 2100 may insert into the current sub prediction unit the motion CA 02891672 2015-02-24 , 73 information present in the sub prediction unit of the reference block (S2350). Unless the sub prediction unit of the reference block has motion information, the inter prediction module 2100 may insert the motion information stored in step S2320 into the current sub prediction unit (S2360). [4151 The inter prediction module 2100 may determine whether the sub prediction unit of the reference block which is targeted for deriving motion information is the last sub prediction unit (S2370). In case the sub prediction unit of the reference block is the last sub prediction unit, the inter prediction module 2100 may terminate the process of deriving motion information on the current block. Unless the sub prediction unit of the reference block is the last .. sub prediction unit, it goes to a next sub prediction unit of the current block to continue to derive motion information (S2330). [416] The above-described motion information deriving process according to embodiment 2 may apply to 3D images as in Table 3. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 74 [4171 [Table 3] This process has the following inputs. - Position (xPb, yPb) of left and upper end of the current prediction unit - Width (nPbW) and height (nPbH) of the current prediction unit - Reference view index RefViewldx - Disparity vector mvDisp This process has the following outputs. - Flag availableFlagLXInterView for determining whether temporal inter-view candidate is available, where LX may be reference picture lists LO and Li. - Temporal inter-view motion vector candidate mvLXInterView, where LX may be reference picture lists LO and LI. - Reference index refldxLXInterView designating a reference picture present in reference picture list RefPicListLX, where LX may be reference picture lists LO and Li. LX may be reference picture lists LO and Ll. The following applies to LX. - Flag availableFlagLXInterView is initialized as 0. - Motion vector myLXInterView is initialized as (0, 0). - Reference index refIdxLXInterView is initialized as -1. Variables nSbW and nSbH are initialized as follows. 14181 CA 02891672 2015-02-24 . , - nShW i n( riPhIV SubPI)Si ) - uShEi = i 11( &NI, SubPI)Si ze ) where, SubPbSize is the size including height and width of the sub prediction unit designated by VPS. Variable ivRefPic is initialized as a picture having the same ViewIdx as refViewIdx in the current access unit. Variable eurSubBlockldx is initialized as 0. Reference position (xRef, yRef) may be derived as follows. xRcf . O. PicWidthinSamplesi, - 1. xPh + (nPbW / nSbW / 2) * nSIA + n94/2) yRcf = O. PiclicightInSample$1, - 1 yPh + (1414J / nsui / 2) * 601 )II / ) ivRefPic is set to the picture having the same Viewldx as refViewIdx in the current access unit. ivRefPb is set to the prediction block covering position (xRef, yRef) in ivRefPic. (xIvRefPb, yIvRefPb) is set to the left and upper position of the reference block indicated by ivRefPb. [419] Unless ivRefPb has been encoded in intra mode, the following may apply to X ranging from 0 CA 02891672 2015-02-24 76 to 1 - When X is 0 or current slice is slice B, the following applies to Y ranging from X to (1-X). - refPixListLYIvRef, predFlagLYIvReffx] [y], mvLYIvReffx] [y], and refIdx LYIvRef[x] [y], respectively, are set to their respective corresponding variables, i.e., RefPicListLY, PredFlagLY[x][y], MvLY[x][y], and Ref1dxLY[x][y] in the inter-view reference picture ivRefPic. - If predFlagLYIvRef[xIvRefPb][yIvRefPb] is 1, the following may apply to i ranging from 0 to num_ref idx_1X_active_minusl (the number of reference pictures in reference picture list). - If POC (Picture Order Count) of refPicListLYIvReffrefidxLYIvReflxIvRefPb][yIvRefPb]] is the same as RefPicListLX[i] and centerPredFlag is 0, the following applies. emtcrAvailahli,Flag = 1 ecntorMaX = mvalvReff x1vNelP1) 11 ylvRefPb 1 conterRellidxIX = centerrravriugLX = 1 If centerAvailableFlag is 1, the following is performed. - The following applies to yBlk ranging from 0 to (nPbH/nSbH-1) and xIllk ranging from 0 to (nPbWinSbW-1). 1420] - Variable curAvailableFlag is initialized as 0. - The following applies to X ranging from 0 to I. - Flag spPredFlagLl[xBlk][yBlk] is initialized as 0. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 77 - Motion vector spMvLX is initialized as (0,0). - Reference index spRefldxLX[xBIk][yBlk] is initialized as -1. - Reference block position (xRef, yRef) is derived as follows. xRef-T1 ip3 (0, PieWidthInSamplesL-1 ), xPb+xBlk*nSbW+nSbW/2+((mvDisp[0]+2)>>2)) yRe1=Clip3 (0, PieHei ghtInSamplesL-1), yPb+yBlk*nSbH+nSbH/2+((mvDi sp[ 1 ]+2)>>2)) - Variable ivRefPb refers to luma prediction block at (xRef, yRef) in the inter-view reference picture indicated by ivRetPic. - (xIvRefPb, yIvRefPb) refers to the left and upper position of the reference block indicated by ivRefPb. - Unless ivRefF'b has been encoded in intra mode, the following is performed on X ranging from 0 to 1. - When X is 0 or current slice is slice B, the following is performed on Y ranging from X to (I -X). - refPixListLY1vRef, predFlagLYIvRef[x][y], mvLYIvRef[x][y], and refldxLYIvRef[x][y], respectively, are set to RefPieListLY, PredFlagLY[x][y], MvLY[x][y], and RefldxLY[x][y] in the picture indicated by ivRefPic. 1421] - If predFlagLYIvRef[xlvRefPb][yIvRefPb] is 1, the following is performed on i ranging from 0 to num_ref JXactive_minusl (the number of reference pictures in reference picture i list). CA 02891672 2015-02-24 78 - If POC of refPicListLYIvReftrefldxLYIvRef[xlvRefPb][yIvRefPb]] is the same as RefPicListLX[i] and spPredFlagLX[xBlk][yBlk] is 0, the following applies. splvtAl 01k H vii 1k 1 = mvLYIYRef1 xIvRolVB j I ylvRefP1) 1 s1)Rof1dxf:0 Allk H. yrilk 1 = spPredFlagLX1 xilik It yBlk 1 1 curAvailaBleFlag = 1 - The following applies according to curAvailableFlag. - If curAvailableFlag is 0, the following applies to X ranging from 0 to 1. xBlk if ylfl k 1 = centerMvIA spRefid.xLX1 x1ik H Alk 1 - centerRefldx1A spProdnaglAl 7411k H yBlk I - centerPredFlaglA Variable curSubBlockIdx is set to curSubBlockIdx+1. Otherwise, i.e., if centerAvailableFlag is 0, the process is terminated. [422] [423] [424] [425] Embodiment 2 is described again based on Table 3. [426] The variables in Table 3 are the same as those in Table 2. [427] The inter prediction module 2100 performs initialization before deriving motion information on a current sub prediction unit using a sub prediction unit of a reference block. The initialization is the same as that described above in connection with Table 2. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 . , 79 [428] [429] The inter prediction module may specify the position of the center sub prediction unit of the reference block. The position of the referenced block may be determined based on the reference position, and reference position (xRef, yRef) is derived as in Equation 18. [430] [Equation 183 xRef = Ctip3(0, FleIcidthInSamplesL ¨ x.13b (n.FFATT riSb TT' / 2) * n5bIV nSbri72) yRef = aip3(0. FicHeighanSarnplesL ¨ 1, [431] yPb (nPb1/ nSbH 1 2) * nSbH n5bH12) [432] [433] ivRefPic is a picture having the same ViewIdx as refViewIdx in the current access unit, and ivRefPb is a prediction block or sub prediction unit covering (xRef, yRef) derived by Equation 19 in ivRefPie. [434] (xIvRefPb, ylvRefP13) specifies the left and upper position of ivRefPb. [435] [436] In case ivRefPb has not been encoded/decoded in intra mode, and X is 0 or the current slice is slice B, the following process applies to Y ranging from X to (1-X). [437] As described above in connection with Table 2, refPicListLY1vRef is set to RefPieListLY, predFlagLYIvRef[ x ][ y Ito PredFlag[ x ][ y], and refldxLYIvReff x][ y ] to RefIdxLY[ x ][ y ]. [438] If predFlagLYIvRefj xIvRefPb ][ yIvRefPb ] is 1, Equation 19 applies to i ranging from 0 to num_ref idx_IX_active_minus 1 (the number of reference pictures in the reference picture list X in case POC (Picture Order Count) of refPieListLYIvRef[ refldxLYIvRef]I xIvRefPb ][ yIvRefPb ] ] is RefPicListLX[ ii, and availableFlagLXInterView is CA 02891672 2015-02-24 0. [439] [Equation 191 centerAvailableFlag = 1 center311:LX = rnvL YltRef [x.ERef Ft][yiu Ref Pb} center Fief Id' LX i [440] centerPredFlagLX = 1 [441] In Equation, centerAvailableFlag denotes whether the center sub prediction unit 5 of the reference block is available, and centerMvLX means the motion vector for the center sub prediction unit of the reference block. Further, centerRefIdxLX refers to the reference index for the center sub prediction unit of the reference block, and centerPredFlagLX refers to the reference picture list of the center sub prediction unit. Here, centerAvailableFlag, centerMvLX, centerRefIdxLX, and/or centerPredFlagLX mean motion information of the center sub prediction 10 unit. In other words, the inter prediction module 2100 may store in the storage space the motion information on thc center sub prediction unit of the reference block set in Equation 19. [442] [443] After the variables have been set as described above, in case centerAvailableFlag is 1, the inter prediction module 2100 performs the following process on 15 y131k that ranges from 0 to (nPbH/nSbH-1) and xBIk that ranges from 0 to (nPbW/nSbW-1). Here, xBIk means the x coordinate of the block, and yBlk means the y coordinate of the block. In other words, if motion information available from the sub block at the center of the reference block is derived, the inter prediction module 2100 may derive motion information on the current block on a per-sub prediction unit basis. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 81 [444] First, the inter prediction module 2100 initializes the information for identifying whether to predict motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block, the sub prediction unit prediction flag, motion information on the sub prediction unit, and reference index of the sub prediction unit. The initialization is the same as that described above in connection with Table 2. [445] The position (xRef, yRef) of the reference block is reset as shown in Equation 20 on a per-sub prediction unit basis. [446] [Equation 20] xRef = CTip3(0. fleWidthinSamptesL-1. xPb xBik*nAvir-- nSbri72¨ (imvpisp;:01¨ 2) >> 2))) yRef = afp3(0,PicHeightinSamp1esfr1. [447] y_Fb yklik* n SbH-- n 5J/2¨ ((n-tuDisp [1] ¨2) >> 2))) [448] [449] Here, xRef means the x coordinate of the position of the reference block, and yRef means the y coordinate of the position of the reference block. PicWidthInSamplesL means the width of the current picture, and PicHeightInSamplesL means the height of the current picture. Clip3() has been described above. [450] [451] In case the inter-view reference block is encoded in intra mode, the inter prediction module 2100 performs the following process on X that ranges from 0 to 1. [452] When X is 0 or the current slice is slice B, each variable is reset for Y (Y ranges from X to (1-X)) as follows. The initialization is the same as that described above in connection with Table 2. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 _ 82 14531 In case predElagLYIvReff xlvRefPb ][ yIvRefPb ] is 1, the following Equation 21 may apply to i ranging from 0 to num_ref idx_lX_active_minusl (the number of reference pictures in the reference picture list) if FOG of refPicListLYIvReff refIALYIvReff xlvRefPb yIvReiPb LI is RefPicListLX[ i] and spPredFlagLX[ xBII c] yBlIc J is 0. 14541 [Equation 21] sp_ifuLX[2-1311c][yBlic] = mvLiaRef Fb][yk Ref Pb] spRefidxLX[xBik][yak} = i spPredFlagDarBik][yRk]= 14551 curAvailableFlag -= 1 [4561 14571 Even after the above-described process has been performed, if curAvailableFlag as set is 0 (i.e., unless spRefIdxLX=i (e.g., spRefIdxLx----1), and spPredFlagLX=1 (e.g., spPredFlagLX---I)), it may be said that no motion information may be derived on a per-sub prediction unit basis. Accordingly, the inter prediction module 2100 may apply Equation 22 to X ranging from 0 to 1. 14581 In other words, in case motion information cannot be derived from the sub prediction unit of the reference block, the inter prediction module 2100 may derive motion information on the sub prediction unit of the current block from the motion information on the center sub unit. [459] [Equation 22] CA 02891672 2015-02-24 83 sp-lii:LX[rBfk][yBild= centerMuLX spReficLLX xBild[gBik]= centerflef &Lk- [460] apPrediTagLX{xBik][giBlic]---= centerPredRagLI [461] [462] Finally, after all of the above-described processes have been done, variable, curSubBlockIdx, is set to curSubBlockIdx + 1, and if availableFlagLOInterView and availableFlagLlInterView are 0, the process of deriving motion information according to embodiment 2 is ended. [463] 14641 Fig. 24 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using motion information at a position. [465] Referring to Fig. 24, the blocks positioned at the upper end of Fig. 24 mean sub prediction units of the reference block, and the blocks positioned at the lower end of Fig. 24 mean sub prediction units of the current block. X denotes a position, and motion information at X is stored in a storage space. Here, the motion information at the position of Fig. 24 may mean motion information at the center position of the reference block as in embodiment 1, and the motion information at the positon of Fig. 24 may mean the motion information on the center sub prediction unit of the reference block as in embodiment 2. [4661 Upon deriving the motion information on the sub prediction unit of the current block using the motion information at the position, each sub prediction unit in the reference block may utilize the motion information at the position. In other words, motion information on the plurality of sub prediction units of the current block may be simultaneously derived using the motion information at the position, and deriving motion information using the motion CA 02891672 2015-02-24 , 84 information at the position may address the issue of data dependency. Accordingly, upon use of motion information at the position, the inter prediction module 2100 may derive motion information in parallel. [4671 As described above, embodiments 1 and 2 derive motion information using motion information present at any position. Accordingly, the motion information deriving methods according to embodiments 1 and 2 enable independent derivation of motion information on each sub prediction unit in the reference block. In other words, embodiments 1 and 2 do not require sequential discovery of sub prediction units from which motion information may be derived in order to find sub prediction units from which motion information may be derived, and in case the first sub prediction unit of the reference block is impossible to use for deriving motion information, embodiments 1 and 2 derive motion information on the sub prediction unit of the current block using predetermined motion information. As such, the motion information derivation according to embodiments 1 and 2 remove data dependency, enabling parallelizcd derivation of motion information on each sub prediction unit. Further, the motion information derivation according to embodiments 1 and 2 prevent additional memory access in contrast to existing motion information deriving methods, thus reducing the number of times of accessing the memory. [468] [469] Embodiment 3 1470] Fig. 25 is a flowchart illustrating a method of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using a motion information value according to another embodiment of the present invention. [471] Referring to Fig. 25, embodiment 4 provides a method of setting default motion CA 02891672 2015-02-24 , information and deriving motion information on a current sub prediction unit from the default motion information in case motion information is impossible to derive from a sub prediction unit of a reference block. Here, the default motion information may mean a zero vector. A specific method of deriving motion information according to embodiment 3 is described below. 5 [472] The inter prediction module 2100 may store the default motion information in a storage space (S2500). A specific process of storing motion information by the inter prediction module 2100 has been described above. [473] Subsequently, the inter prediction module 2100 may derive motion information on the current sub prediction unit. The inter prediction module 2100 may determine whether the 10 sub prediction unit of the reference block corresponding to the current sub prediction unit has motion information (S2520). [474] In case the sub prediction unit of the reference block has motion information, the inter prediction module 2100 may insert into the current sub prediction unit the motion information on the sub prediction unit of the reference block (S2530). Unless the sub prediction 15 unit of the reference block has motion information, the inter prediction module 2100 may insert the motion information stored in the storage space into the current sub prediction unit (S2540). [475] The inter prediction module 2100 may determine whether the sub prediction unit of the reference block which is targeted for deriving motion information is the last sub prediction unit (S2550). In case the sub prediction unit of the reference block is the last sub 20 prediction unit, the inter prediction module 2100 may terminate the process of deriving motion information. Unless the sub prediction unit of the reference block is the last sub prediction unit, the inter prediction module 2100 may discover motion information on a next sub prediction unit of the reference block in order to continue to derive motion information (S2510). CA 02891672 2015-02-24 86 [476] 14771 The above- described motion information deriving process according to embodiment 3 may apply to 3D-1-1EVC Draft Text 2 as in Table 4. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 87 [478] [Table 41 This process has the following inputs. - Position (xPb, yPb) of left and upper end of current prediction unit - Width (nPbW) and height of current prediction unit - Reference view index refViewIdx - Disparity vector mvDisp This process has the following outputs. - Flag availableFlagLXinterView for determining whether temporal inter-view motion candidate is available, where LX may be reference picture list LO and Ll . - Temporal inter-view motion vector candidate mvLXInterView, where LX may be reference picture lists LO and Ll . - Reference index refIclxLXInterView designating a reference picture present in reference picture list RefPieListLX, where LX may be reference picture lists LO and Ll. LX may be reference picture lists LO and Ll. The following applies to LX. - Flag availableFlagLXInterView is initialized as 0. - Motion vector mvLX1nterView is initialized as (0,0). - Reference index reildxLXInterView is initialized as -1. Variables nSbW and nSbH are initialized as follows. [479] - nSbW=Min(nPbW, SubPbSize) CA 02891672 2015-02-24 88 - nSbH=Min(nPbH, SubPbSize) where, SubPbSize is the size including height and width of the sub prediction unit designated by VPS. Variable ivRefPic is initialized as a picture having the same ViewIdx as refViewIdx in the current access unit. Variable curSubBlockIdx is initialized as 0. Variables availableFlagLOInterView and availableFlagLlInterview are initialized as follows. ava i I ili I el I agt S )7,c, rti= I 1MA7em = (0, 0) ref 1(1\1.)7.oro = 0 If current slice is slice B, avai 1 ab I el:1 agl. Ve ro = I mvLlZvro = (0. 0) ref-HM.1km = 0 The following applies to yBlk ranging from 0 to (nPbH/nSbH-l) and xBlk ranging from 0 to (nPbW/nSbW-1). 14801 CA 02891672 2015-02-24 89 - Variable curAvailabeFlag is initialized as 0. - The following applies to X ranging from 0 to I. - Flag spPredFlagLI[xBlkilyBlk] is initialized as 0. - Motion vector spMvLX is initialized as (0, 0). - Reference index spRefldxLX[xBlk][yBlk] is initialized as -1. - Reference block position (xRef, yRef) is derived as follows. NRef = Clip3( 0, PicWidthInS=p1e51. ¨ 1. xPb + \Mk * + nSA / 2 + ( ( mvDispf 0 I + 2) >> 2 ) ) ykef = Clip3( 0. PicHeightinSm)lcsL ¨ 1. yPb + 01k 6141 + 61)11 / 2 + ( ( mrDispf 1 I + 2) >> 2 ) ) - Variable ivRefPb refers to the luma prediction block at (xRef, yRef) in the inter-view reference picture indicated by ivRefPic. - (xIvRefPb, yIvRefPb) refers to the left and upper position of the reference block indicated by ivRefPb. - Unless ivRefPb has been encoded in intra mode, the following may apply to X ranging from 0 to 1 - When X is 0 or current slice is slice B, the following applies to Y ranging from X to (1- X). refPixListLYIvRef, predFlagLYIvRef[x][y], mvLYIvRefjx][y], and refldxLYIvReflx][y], respectively, are set to their respective corresponding variables, i.e., RefPicListLY, PredFlagLY[x][y], MvLY[x][y], and RefIdxLY[x][y] in the inter- view reference picture ivRefPic. CA 02891672 2015-02-24 [4811 - If predFlagLYIvRef[xIvRefPb][yIvRetPb] is 1, the following may apply to i ranging from 0 to num_ref iclx_1X_active_minusl (the number of reference pictures in reference picture list). If POC (Picture Order Count) of refPicListLYIvRefirefldxLYIvRef[xIvRefPb][yIvRetPb]] is the same as RefPicListLX[i] and centerPredFlag is 0, the following applies. splvl.X1 Nklk II yHlk I = nivINIvRefl xlacl-Ph II ylacfPli I s1)Re1Idx1A1 NJIk II yfIlk I = i spProdFlagIAI 1k II yIllk I= 1 curAvai lablelThip; = I The following applies according to curAvailableFlag. If curAvailableFlag is 0, the following applies to X ranging from 0 to 1. splvIAI \Rik II yRIk I mvIAZero suRe1ldx1X1 Olk It 01k I= refldx1AZero spProdFlagIAI 0)1k II vRIk I = avaitablyilaglAZcro Variable curSubBlockIdx is set to curSubBlockIdx+1. 14821 [4831 Embodiment 3 is described again based on Table 4. The variables in Table 3 are the same as those in Table 2. 5 14841 The inter prediction module 2100 performs initialization before deriving motion CA 02891672 2015-02-24 , . 91 information on a current sub prediction unit using a sub prediction unit of a reference block. The initialization is the same as that described above in connection with Table 2. [485] [486] Further, the variables, availableFlagLXZero, mvLXZero, and refldxLXZero, are set as in Equations 23 and 24, Here, X is 0 or 1. [487] [Equation 23] a vailable.FiagLOZero mtl.,0Zfro= (0.0) [488] re.fida-LOZero = 0 [489] [Equation 24] arai1ab1egggL1Zero = 1 nalZero= (0.0) [490] refidx.L1 Zero = 0 [491] Here, availableFlagLXZero means an identifier regarding whether the default motion information is available, mvLXZero the default motion information, and refldxLXZero the reference index of the default motion information. 1492] [493] After setting the variables as above, the inter prediction module 2100 performs the following process on yBlk that ranges from 0 to (nPbH/nSbH-1) and xBlk that ranges from 0 to (nPbW/nSbW-1). Here, xBlk means the x coordinate of the block, and yBlk means the y coordinate of the block. [494] First, the inter prediction module 2100 initializes the information for identifying whether to predict motion information from a sub prediction unit of the reference block, the sub CA 02891672 2015-02-24 92 prediction unit prediction flag, motion information on the sub prediction unit, and reference index of the sub prediction unit. The initialization is the same as that described above in connection with Table 2. [495] The position (xRef, yRef) of the reference block is reset as shown in Equation 25 on a per-sub prediction unit basis. [4961 [Equation 25] xlief = aip3(0. Pic ifidthinSampiesL-1. xThxBk*n5bJV¨ ((rnuDisp[0] 2) >> 2))) yRef = CT ip3(0,19cHeightin [497] yFb yBlk* m5b11--- n Sbk 2 ¨ ((mi:Disp[1]¨ 2) >> 2))) 1498] 14991 In case the inter-view reference block is encoded in intra mode, the inter prediction module 2100 may perform the following process on X that ranges from 0 to 1. [500] When X is 0 or the current slice is slice B, each variable is reset for Y (Y ranges from X to (1-X)) as described above in connection with Table 2. [501] In this case, if predFlagLYIvRef[ xIvRefPb if ylvRefllb ] is 1, the following Equation 26 may apply to i ranging from 0 to num_ref idx_lX_active_minusl (the number of reference pictures in the reference picture list). [502] [Equation 26] spJfuLX[xBlk] BIC = mvL Yli:Ref [x iru Ref F'&][y It: Ref F61 spRef ExLX[x.1311c][ylilk] = spPredFragLX[xBik][yfilk] =1 15031 curArailableFlaR =1 CA 02891672 2015-02-24 93 [5041 [505] After performing the above-described process, in case curAvailableFlag is 0, the inter prediction module 2100 may apply Equation 27 to X ranging from 0 to 1. 1506] In other words, in case motion information cannot be derived from the sub prediction unit of the reference block, the inter prediction module 2100 may derive motion information on the sub prediction unit of the current block from the arbitrarily set default motion information. [507] [Equation 27] .spi.it.LX[xBild [yBik] = mvLXZero spReildsLXIxak][yBik]= ref IdxLXZero [508] soPredFragLX[sB[k][yEik} = amilable.F7afILXZero [509] [510] Finally, after all of the above-described processes have been done, variable, curSubBlockIdx, is set to curSubBlockIdx + 1, and if availableFlagLOInterView and availableFlagL 1 InterView are 0, the process of deriving motion information according to embodiment 3 is ended. [511] [512] Fig. 26 is a view illustrating an exemplary process of deriving motion information on a sub prediction unit of a current block using some motion information. 15131 Referring to Fig. 26, the blocks positioned at the upper end of Fig. 26 mean sub prediction units of the reference block, and the blocks positioned at the lower end of Fig. 26 mean sub prediction units of the current block. Further, default motion information is stored in a storage space. Here, the default motion information shown in Fig. 26 may mean default motion CA 02891672 2015-02-24 94 information arbitrarily set according to embodiment 3. [514] Upon deriving the motion information on the sub prediction unit of the current block using the default motion information, each sub prediction unit in the reference block may utilize the default motion information that is arbitrarily set. In other words, motion information on the plurality of sub prediction units of the current block may be simultaneously derived using the default motion information, and the plurality of sub prediction units of the current block may address the issue of data dependency. Accordingly, upon use of default motion information with some value, the inter prediction module 2100 may derive motion information in parallel. 15151 As described above, according to embodiment 3, the inter prediction module 2100 derives motion information using the default motion information with a value. Accordingly, the motion information deriving method according to embodiment 3 enables independent derivation of motion information on each sub prediction unit in the reference block. In other words, embodiment 3 does not require sequential discovery of sub prediction units from which motion information may be derived in order to find sub prediction units from which motion information may be derived, and in case the first sub prediction unit of the reference block is impossible to use for deriving motion information, embodiment 3 derives motion information on the sub prediction unit of the current block using predetermined motion information. As such, the motion information derivation according to embodiment 3 removes data dependency, enabling parallelized derivation of motion information on each sub prediction unit. Further, the motion information derivation according to embodiment 3 prevents additional memory access in contrast to existing motion information deriving methods, thus reducing the number of times of accessing the memory. [516] CA 02891672 2015-02-24 [5171 Fig. 27 is a view schematically illustrating times required to derive motion information according to the present invention. [518] Referring to Fig. 20, when the time taken to derive motion information from one sub prediction unit is T, and the number of sub prediction units in a reference block is N, the 5 time taken to derive all the motion information from the reference block is NxT. However, upon deriving motion information according to an embodiment of the present invention, the motion information derivation may be parallelized, and thus, the time of deriving motion information corresponds to T and a 3D image encoding/decoding delay is reduced. 15191 10 [520] The above-described embodiments may have different applicable ranges depending on block sizes, coding unit (CU) depths, or transform unit (TV) depths. As the variable for determining an applicable range, a value predetermined in the encoder/decoder or a value determined according to a profile or level may be used, or if the encoder specifies a variable value in the bitstream, the decoder may obtain the variable value from the bitstream. 15 [521] For example, in case different applicable ranges apply depending on CU depths, there may be a scheme (method A) in which it applies only to a given depth or more, a scheme (method B) in which it applies only to the given depth or less, or a scheme (method C) in which it applies to the given depth only. In case the methods according to the present invention apply to none of the depths, an indicator (flag) may be used to indicate the same, or it may be indicated 20 with a CU depth that the methods according to the present invention do not apply, where the CU depth may be set to be larger than the maximum depth that the CU may have. [5221 [Table 5] CA 02891672 2015-02-24 96 Depth of CU (or PI: or Method A Method B Method C TU) representing applicable range 0 X 0 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 X X 4 or more 0 X X [523] [524] In the above-described embodiments, the methods are described based on the flowcharts with a series of steps or units, but the present invention is not limited to the order of the steps, and rather, some steps may be performed simultaneously or in different order with other steps. It should be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the steps in the flowcharts do not exclude each other and that other steps may be added to the flowcharts or some of the steps may be deleted from the flowcharts without influencing the scope of the present invention. [525] Further, the above-described embodiments include various aspects of examples. Although all possible combinations to represent various aspects cannot be described, it may be appreciated by those skilled in the art that any other combination may be possible. Accordingly, the present invention includes all other changes, modifications, and variations belonging to the following claims. 15261 The above-described methods according to the present invention may be prepared in a computer executable program that may be stored in a computer readable recording medium, examples of which include a ROM, a RAM, a CD-ROM, a magnetic tape, a floppy disc, or an optical data storage device, or may be implemented in the form of a carrier wave (for example, transmission through the Internet). [5271 The computer readable recording medium may be distributed in computer CA 02891672 2016-10-13 55978-2 97 systems connected over a network, and computer readable codes may be stored and executed in a distributive way. The functional programs, codes, or code segments for implementing the above-described methods may be easily inferred by programmers in the art to which the present invention pertains. [5281 Although the present invention has been shown and described in connection with preferred embodiments thereof, the present invention is not limited thereto, and various changes may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the present invention defined in the following claims, and such changes should not be individually construed from the scope of the present invention. [529]
