Note: Descriptions are shown in the official language in which they were submitted.
1
Abstract of the Disclosure
All forms of the invention disclosed in this patent application increase the
electrical efficiency of
one or more electrical sources. The primary form of the invention is composed
of three main
sections: 1) a source of DC electrical power (DC voltage and DC current) that
is connected to an
DC-AC inverter; 2) a resonant circuit consisting of at least one inductor and
a capacitor that is
also connected to an DC-AC inverter; and 3) a load that is connected to at
least one inductor.
Conductive materials will form connective pathways between these three main
sections. The
alternative form of the invention is also comprised of three main sections: 1)
a source of AC
electrical power (AC voltage and AC current); 2) a resonant circuit consisting
of at least one
inductor and a capacitor; and 3) a load that is connected to at least one
inductor. Conductive
materials will also form conductive pathways between these three main
sections.
System Utilizing Electrical Resonance to Increase the Electrical Efficiency of
DC and AC
Sources:
The invention provides a design to increase the electrical efficiency of one
or more electrical
sources.
Background of the Invention
Electrical power is a very important commodity around the globe. The disclosed
invention uses
the phenomena of electrical resonance to increase the electrical efficiency of
one or more
electrical sources. These electrical sources can be producers of direct
current (DC) or alternating
current (AC). The primary form of the invention functions with one or more DC
sources. The
alternative form of the invention functions with one or more AC sources. The
invention can also
function when connected to both DC and AC sources simultaneously.
The general knowledge of the field of this invention, resonant circuitry, can
be found on public
websites, like Wikipedia. A Wikipedia page states that resonant inductive
coupling can be used
to increase the efficiency of energy transmission in a system. However, the
type p-p basic
transmitter and receiver circuit displayed on the page uses two capacitors:
one capacitor on each
coupled inductor. The disclosed invention requires one capacitor in series or
parallel to one
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
2
inductor. In other words, the prior art uses two inductors and two capacitors.
The disclosed
invention only needs one inductor and one capacitor to function.
This relevant Wikipedia page is found below:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant inductive coupling
Another public disclosure relevant to this invention is available on a public
website. On this
website, it describes that the power factor of an inductor can be improved and
that the Volt-
Ampere rating of the power source can be reduced by adding a capacitor in
series or parallel to a
primary coil of two coupled coils (inductors). Thus, the amount of power
dissipated in the
primary coil is reduced. However, the website suggests that the use of the
technology would be
for inductively coupled wireless power transfer (ICWPT) systems.
The relevant website is found below:
https ://www.intechopen.com/books/wirel ess-power-transfer-fundam ental s-and-
technol ogi es/fundamental s-of-inductiv ely-coupl ed-wirel ess-pow er-
transfer-sy stems
The disclosed invention is not for wireless power transfer (ICWPT) systems. As
stated above, the
disclosed invention only needs one inductor, not two coupled inductors, to
function.
A third relevant public disclosure, available online, is written about a novel
resonant circuit. This
resonant circuit contains one inductor, like the disclosed invention. However,
it also contains two
capacitors and functions at a high electrical frequency (around 1000 KHz).
The relevant website is found below:
https ://www.electronicdesi gn.com/technologi es/analog/arti cl e/2 1 80091 1
/res onant-circuit-
generates-a-hi ghfrequency-magneti c-fi el d
The disclosed invention only needs one capacitor to function. In addition, the
disclosed invention
functions at much lower frequencies (such as at 60Hz) than most of the prior
art.
A fourth relevant public disclosure, available online, consists of an inductor
in parallel with a
resistance. This prior art also contains a second resistor in series with the
source of voltage.
Secondly, it was experimentally tested at a frequency of 100 Hz to 400 Hz.
The relevant website is found below:
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
3
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/altemating-current/chpt-6/resonance-
series-parallel-
circuits/
The disclosed invention does not have a second resistor in series with the
power source. Ideally,
the disclosed invention would have minimized resistance between the power
source(s) and the
rest of the resonant circuit, such as at least one inductor and capacitor, to
function optimally.
This is because the electrical efficiency of a system generally decreases with
increased
resistance.
Therefore, the disclosed invention has several advantages over the prior art.
Firstly, the disclosed
invention will ideally function at around 60 Hz, making it ideal for powering
common household
appliances. The standard electrical frequency delivered to homes in North
America is 60 Hz.
Fewer pieces of equipment, especially in the household, rely on electrical
frequencies above or
below 60 Hz. The most obvious exception would be household radios, which
function on radio
frequencies (RF), that are typically much greater than 1000 Hz.
Secondly, the invention is comprised of passive components, except for the DC-
AC inverter
within the primary form of the invention. Some of the prior art uses several
active components or
circuits in conjunction with a resonant circuit. As in the WIPO patent
application entitled
"Tunable Balun":
PCT/IB2016/054097
Fanori & Rinaldo
This WIPO patent application uses a power monitoring circuit to function. The
disclosed
invention does not.
A second WIPO application, entitled "Filter" uses an active circuit to
function. This active circuit
is comprised of "FETs", which operate on the inputs and outputs of two
resonant circuits. The
disclosed invention does not rely on the presence of two resonant circuits.
PCT/GB2017/052444
Bagga & Granhaug
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
4
This patent application does not include or power a load. The disclosed system
does include and
power a load.
Thirdly, the disclosed invention is much less complex than the prior art. Most
of the prior art
patents have more electrical components within their respective inventions
than the disclosed
invention. Having multiple electrical components includes having multiple:
inductors, capacitors
and transistors. An increasing amount of power loss occurs with each component
added to a
circuit. This would generally decrease the electrical efficiency of any
complex device. Several of
the prior art disclosures rely on the use of more than one resonant circuit.
As in the WIPO patent
application entitled: "Integrated filters in output match elements":
PCT/US2015/067581
Klemens
The disclosed invention requires one resonant circuit to function.
Other types of components are also present in the prior art, which are not
present in the disclosed
invention. As in the US patent application entitled: "Method and System to
Convert Direct
Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) using a Photovoltaic Inverter":
U52009/0121549 Al
Leonard
The above prior art contains a DC boost circuit. The disclosed invention does
not contain a DC
boost circuit.
Additionally, numerous scientific papers have been written about how resonant
circuits can
increase the efficiency of a system. Two papers are found below:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6547332
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stampjsp?arnumber=8037983
However, the proposed circuits in the prior art use many more components,
active and passive,
than the disclosed invention. For instance, both papers above use diodes in
their proposed
circuits. The disclosed invention does not contain diodes.
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
5
One of the most important distinctions between the disclosed system over the
prior art is the
application of the system. Many of the prior art disclosures use more than one
inductor and
capacitor to filter radio frequency (RF) signals. This is shown in the WIPO
patent application
entitled "Narrow Band-Pass Tuned Resonator Filter Topologies Having High
Selectivity, Low
Insertion Loss and Improved Out of Band Rejection over Extended Frequency
Ranges":
PCT/US99/28923
Petrovic
The disclosed invention does not use electrical resonance to filter RF
signals.
The WIPO patent application entitled "Tunable Interstage Filter" also uses
more than one
capacitor and inductor to filter RF signals:
PCT/IB96/00381
Aschwanden
The disclosed invention does not use electrical resonance to filter RF
signals.
Another relevant prior art, entitled "Isolation and Signal Filter
Transformer", uses more than one
capacitor and inductor to filter RF signals:
PCT/U597/04749
Fawal et al.
The disclosed invention does not use electrical resonance to filter RF
signals.
The prior art also uses electrical resonance to filter noise. As in the WIPO
application entitled
"Noise Filter":
PCT/JP2011/005243
Tamaki
The disclosed invention does not use electrical resonance to filter RF signals
or noise. Instead,
the disclosed system and method increases the electrical efficiency of one or
more DC or AC
sources.
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
6
Summary of the Invention:
The disclosed invention increases the electrical efficiency of one or more DC
or AC sources. DC
electrical sources can include solar panels, batteries or battery banks. AC
sources can include
electromechanical generators; such as wind turbines, hydroelectric and nuclear-
powered steam
turbines. Therefore, the disclosed system and method is advantageous to the
environment. If a
DC or AC power supply has an improved electrical efficiency, fewer amounts of
natural
resources, like fossil fuels or uranium ore, are needed to be consumed to
produce electricity. The
disclosed invention can also reduce the energy consumed by household
electronics, by increasing
their efficiency.
The primary form of the invention is composed of three main sections: 1) a
source of DC
electrical power (DC voltage and DC current) that is connected to an DC-AC
inverter; 2) a
resonant circuit consisting of at least one inductor and a capacitor that is
also connected to an
DC-AC inverter; and 3) a load that is connected to at least one inductor.
Conductive materials
will form connective pathways between these three main sections. The
alternative form of the
invention is also comprised of three main sections: 1) a source of AC
electrical power (AC
voltage and AC current); 2) a resonant circuit consisting of at least one
inductor and a capacitor;
and 3) a load that is connected to at least one inductor. Conductive materials
will also form
connective pathways between these three main sections.
In the six drawings, which form a part of this specification:
Fig. 1 is a transverse view of the first, second and third sections of the
primary form of the
invention positioned together with connective junctions.
Fig. 2 is a transverse view of the first section of the primary form of the
invention, one or more
sources of DC power connected to an DC-AC inverter.
Fig. 3 is a transverse view of the second section of the primary form of the
invention, a resonant
circuit connected to an DC-AC inverter.
Fig. 4 is a transverse view of the third section of the primary form of the
invention, a load that is
connected to at least one inductor.
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
7
Fig. 5 is a transverse view of all three sections of the alternative form of
the invention, which are
essentially identical to the three main sections of the primary form of the
invention; except for:
the lack of an DC-AC inverter and the substitution of one or more AC sources
for one or more
DC sources.
Fig. 6 is the control circuit used to experimentally highlight the increased
electrical efficiency of
the primary form of the invention.
Detailed Description of the Invention
As shown in Fig. 1, all three main sections: 1) a source of DC electrical
power (DC voltage and
DC current) 1, that is connected to an DC-AC inverter 6; 2) a resonant circuit
consisting of at
least one inductor 14, and a capacitor, 11, that is also connected to an DC-AC
inverter 6; and 3) a
load 17, that is connected to at least one inductor, 11, are positioned
together to form a circuit.
These three sections may be connected by conductive materials, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27 &
28, that carry the electrical energy throughout the circuit and attach to the
other components of
the circuit. Conductive materials can include copper or metallic wire. The
first component of the
circuit is one or more DC power source(s) 1. A single DC power source 1, can
have terminals 2,
3, 4 & 5. Terminals 2 and 5 can be attached to other DC power sources.
Terminals 3 and 4 are
attached to the first terminals of the DC-AC inverter, 7 & 10. The DC-AC
inverter has four
terminals, 7, 8, 9 & 10. Terminals 7 and 10 receive DC power from one or more
DC power
source(s). Terminals 8 and 9 of the DC-AC inverter, 6, deliver AC power to the
rest of the
inventive system: the resonant circuit (Fig. 3) and the load attached to at
least one inductor (Fig.
4).
The working principle of the invention is that the phenomenon of electrical
resonance increases
the electrical efficiency of the DC or AC sources to power one or more
load(s). Peak electrical
resonance is known to occur when the inductive reactance of an inductor equals
the capacitive
reactance of a capacitor (See Equation 1).
= XL Equation 1
1
= ¨ Equation 2
vvo
XL = woL, Equation 3
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
8
Where X, is the capacitive reactance of one or more capacitor(s) in a resonant
circuit, XL is the
inductive reactance of one or more inductor(s) in a resonant circuit, wo is
the resonant frequency
of the resonant circuit (in rad/sec), C is the capacitance of one or more
capacitor(s) in a resonant
circuit (in Farads) and L is the inductance of one or more inductor(s) in a
resonant circuit (In
Henries).
It is known that at peak electrical resonance in a resonant circuit, more
voltage or current can be
measured across or adjacent to the resonant circuit's capacitor or inductor
(internal outputs) than
the inputted voltage or current. More voltage will be measured if the
capacitor and inductor are
in series. More current will be measured if the capacitor and inductor are in
parallel. It is also
known that the voltage across the inductor will equal the voltage across the
resistor in a parallel
resonance circuit, when resonance occurs.
The prior art has yet to harvest the benefits of this phenomena. The load of
the disclosed system
is connected to the inductor of the resonant circuit. Thus, when the voltage
and/or current
increases across the inductor due to electrical resonance, the voltage and/or
current will increase
across the load. An increased voltage and/or current will increase the
electrical efficiency of any
power source.
During experimental trials, it was found that AC current received by the load
increased when
connected to the resonant circuit of the invention. The inventive circuit is
shown in Fig. 1. The
control circuit is shown in Fig. 6.
Thus, the disclosed invention is non-obvious. The capacitor and inductor of
the experimental
circuit (Fig. 1) are not in parallel. This is because the voltage measured
across each of these two
components was not equal in magnitude, when connected in the experimental
configuration (Fig.
1). If the capacitor and inductor are not in parallel, the common general
knowledge suggests that
the current in the circuit should not increase.
Additionally, standard electrical theory would suggest that the current across
the load would
decrease, not increase, in the inventive circuit shown in Fig. 1. This is
because the current must
flow through an additional junction that is not present in Fig. 6. Typically,
the total current
flowing into a junction equals the current flowing out of a junction. Current
also takes the path of
least resistance, if two pathways diverge from an electrical junction. Thus,
less current should
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
9
flow into the first pathway with a load of higher resistance, if a second
pathway with a smaller
resistance is available (the body of the inverter in Fig. 1). In the
experiment, the opposite result
was seen; more current flowed to power the load of Fig. 1 than the load of
Fig. 6.
The invention is expected to operate at it's "best mode" when peak electrical
resonance is
achieved within its circuitry. However, the invented system and method can
also function above
or below the conditions for peak electrical resonance. This occurs when the
actual inductance or
capacitance values of elements within the resonant circuit do not match the
exact values of
inductance or capacitance in the mathematical model for peak electrical
resonance (See
Equations 1, 2 & 3).
The following website experimentally confirms that peak electrical resonance
will occur above
or below the mathematically predicted values (Using Equations 1, 2 & 3) in
different types of
circuits:
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/altemating-current/chpt-6/resonance-
series-parallel-
circuits/
However, the mathematical model for peak electrical resonance is still useful
to estimate
approximately what values of capacitance and inductance are needed in a
circuit for peak
resonance to occur.
Additionally, a found by experimentation, the invention operates optimally at
a threshold input
voltage. In the experimental circuit, this threshold input voltage was 10
Volts of DC current. At
or above this input voltage, the load (an LED) waü illuminated. Below this
threshold input
voltage, the load (LED) did not illuminate. The thrc3ho1d input voltage of the
3y3tcm will vary
based on the efficiency of the inverter and of the other components in the
system,
Peak electrical resonance occurs when the capacitive reactance equals the
inductive reactance
within the resonant circuit. Electrical power found in residential and public
devices usually
operate at an AC frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Therefore, the capacitance of
the capacitor and
inductance of the inductor will be chosen based on the frequency of the
electrical current needed
to power the load, such that electrical resonance is achieved within the
invention.
As shown in Fig. 2, one or more source(s) of DC power 1 is connected to an DC-
AC inverter 6.
The DC power source 1, has four terminals 2, 3, 4 & 5. The DC-AC inverter 6
also has four
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
10
terminals 7, 8, 9 & 10. The DC power source 1 can be connected to other DC
power sources
using terminals 2 & 5. For instance, if the first DC power source 1 is a
battery, one terminal (2 or
5) will be positive and one terminal (2 or 5) will be negative. A second
battery can be connected
in series with the DC power supply 1, by connecting the negative and positive
terminals (2 or 5)
of the DC power supply 1 with the positive and negative terminals of the
second battery. The
terminals 3 and 4 of the DC power supply 1 deliver DC power to the DC-AC
inverter 6, using
the conductive pathways, 20 & 21. The DC-AC inverter 6 will have two input
terminals, 7 & 10
and two output terminals, 8 & 9. The input terminals, 7 & 10, receive DC
power. The DC-AC
inverter 6 will convert this DC power to AC power. The output terminals, 8 &
9, will emit the
AC power created by the DC-AC inverter 6. The DC-AC inverter 6 can be any form
or type of
inverter. For instance, it is general knowledge that electrical resonance in a
resonant circuit can
be achieved with AC current created by square or sine wave inverters. The AC
current created by
the inverter will be delivered to the rest of the disclosed system by
conductive pathways 22 & 24.
As shown in Fig. 3, the DC-AC inverter 6 is connected to a resonant circuit.
This resonant circuit
is comprised of at least one capacitor 11 and one inductor 14. The inductor 14
will have
terminals 15 & 16. When AC electrical power runs across the first inductor 14,
AC electrical
power is transferred to the load 17, by conductive pathways, 27 & 28. The
conductive pathways,
27 & 28, can be connected to the inductor 14, by conductive junctions, 25 &
26.
Electrical resonance will occur across the first inductor 14 because a
resonant circuit is created
by the capacitor 11 and the first inductor 14. AC electrical power will flow
from one of the
output terminals, 8 & 9, of the DC-AC inverter 6, via conductive pathways 22,
23 & 24, to reach
the terminals of the capacitor, 12 & 13, and the terminals of the inductor, 15
& 16.
As shown in Fig. 4, the inductor 14, is connected to the load 17, by
connective junctions, 25 &
26. These connective junctions, 25 & 26, are attached to the connective
pathways, 27 & 28.
When AC power flows across the inductor 14, AC power will also flow into the
connective
junctions, 25 & 26. From these junctions, the AC power will flow along the
connective
pathways, 27 & 28. This AC power will reach the terminals, 18 & 19, of the
load 17. When AC
power reaches the load 17, the load 17 will be powered. The load 17, can be
any AC device or a
combination of AC devices, such as, but not limited to: the motors of private
electric vehicles,
residential appliances or industrial machines.
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
11
As shown in Fig. 5, the alternative form of the disclosed system also has
three main components:
1) a source of AC electrical power (AC voltage and AC current) 31; 2) a
resonant circuit
consisting of at least one inductor, 14, and a capacitor, 11; and 3) a load,
17, that is connected to
at least one inductor 14. The three main sections of the alternative form of
the invention are
essentially identical to the three main sections of the primary form of the
invention (See Fig. 1);
except for: the lack of an DC-AC inverter 6 and the substitution of one or
more AC sources 31,
for one or more DC sources 1. Instead of having an DC-AC inverter 6 present,
the AC power
will be produced by the AC power supply 31. Then the AC power will be carried
by conductive
pathways, 29 & 30, directly to the resonant circuit, consisting of at least
one capacitor 11 and
inductor 14, of the invented system.
As previously stated, real-life experiments have been conducted to prove that
the electrical
efficiency of the DC power supply 1 is increased by the disclosed system in
Fig. 1. In these
experiments, more electrical power was measured across the load 17 of the
disclosed system in
Fig. 1, than measured across the load 17 of the control circuit in Fig. 6.
As shown in Fig. 6, the control circuit consists of a DC power supply 1 that
is connected to a
DC-AC inverter 6 via conductive pathways 20 & 21. The AC power produced by the
DC-AC
inverter 6 is directly carried to the load 17 by connective pathways, 32 & 33.
To conduct the experiment, the DC power supply 1 used in beth the invented and
control
circuits was: a--50-watt-soler-panel-and-a one Panasonic Carbon Zinc 9-volt
battery (for the
invented circuit) and two Panasonic Carbon Zinc 9-volt batteries connected in
series (for the
control circuit). 9 volt battery connected in series. Both the invented (Fig.
1) and control circuits
(Fig. 6) used an inexpensive square-wave inverter (A PWM Module Pulse
Frequency Square
Wave Signal Generator from DROK, with the Product SKU: 2001709005) as their DC-
AC
inverter 6. For both trials, the square-wave inverter was set to produce an
electrical output with a
frequency of 360 Hz and a duty cycle of 50%. For both trials, the input DC
voltage and current
was measured from the seler--panel-and battery or batteries. 7t0-ffeeettlit-
fer-ehenging-sualight
conditions, The load for both trials was -a were two small red LEDs connected
in parallel. The
LEDs lit when it was they were connected to the inventive circuit, but the
LEDs did not light
when it -was they were connected to the control circuit.
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
12
For the inventive circuit, an electrolytic capacitor of 44 1 uF was used. Two
0.1 Henry
inductors connected in series were used to mimic a single inductance
(inductor). The inductors
were mounted on a metallic core. The material of the metallic core is thought
to be iron.
Therefore, the peak resonance should occur at 51.91 355.88 Hz. (Relatively
close to 60Hz 360
Hz).
= woL Equation 4 (From Equations 1, 2 & 3)
wac
Ivo veL(c) Equation 5 (Solving for wo in Equation 4)
Since 1 Hz = a rad Equation 6
w = ___________________________ Equation 7 (Where wo is in Hz, not rad/sec)
2a-vrLi(C)
1
w1= ______________________ ¨ 51.91 Hz
27r40.211(47x10-47)
Wo = ___ 1 ______________ ¨ 355.88 Hz
21a40.211(1x10-6Y)
The results of the trials are listed below:
Trial 1: The Control Circuit:
DC Input Voltage Measured from Solar Panel and Battery the Two Batteries:
Vffic ¨ 16.75 V
15.58 V
DC Input Current Measured from Solar Panel aid Battery the Two Batteries:
iffic ¨ 28.12 mA
27.34 mA
AC Output Voltage Measured at Load: Voutc = 8.76 V 8.07 V
AC Output Current Measured at Load: !num.= 0.01 mA 0.01 mA
Trial 2: The Inventive Circuit:
DC Input Voltage Measured from Solar Panel and the Battery: VITHE ¨ 16.11 V
7.49 V
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
13
DC Input Current Measured from Seler-Panel-and the Battery: - 35.82 mA
25.80 mA
AC Output Voltage Measured at Load: VoutE= 1.98 V 2.51 V
AC Output Current Measured at Load: loutE= 1.80 mA 5.25 mA
To calculate electrical efficiency the following formula was used:
Pout Vout (rout)
Eff = - x 1000/o Equation 8
Pin vin
Therefore, the efficiency of the control circuit is:
Ef f ¨ Pg41* g"7-"4141444-) x100% ¨ 0.01810%
Phs- 16-7444-243-4241A-}
Pout 8.0717 (o.oinsA)
E ff = ______________________ x100% = 0.01895%
Pin 15.58V (27 .347nA)
Therefore, the efficiency of the inventive circuit is:
Pout 1.901111_00mA)
Ef f = 16 x 100% - 0.60632%
.41-42.i..24.444A- }
out 2.51V(5.25mA)
E f f = x 100% = 6.81917%
Pi 7.491,(25.80mA)
Based on these results, the inventive circuit has more than double the
efficiency (0.60632%)
(6.81917%) as the control circuit (0.01810%) (0.01895%).
Date Recue/Date Received 2020-05-07
